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What is Genetics? • Genetics: Study of heredity • Heredity: passing of traits from parent to child • Patterns of relatedness can help predict offspring characteristics – – – – – Autosomal recessive Autosomal dominance Sex-Linked Incomplete dominance Codominance When parents get together…they exchange their genes The genes combine to create a baby • “Father of Genetics” • Famous for pea plant studies • Mendel studied seven pea plant traits – Color, shape, texture, height, etc… • Results shaped our understanding of genetics Mendel’s 7 traits studied P Generation Mendel crossed a purple and a white flower The flowers exchanged their genes to make babies F1 Generation Mendel was shocked! Even though 1 parent was white in color, every flower that was produced was purple! Was white gone forever? F1 Generation Mendel then took two of the newly created purple flowers and let them reproduce F2 Generation WOW! White returned! Even though both parents were purple! Mendel found a 3:1 ratio for flower color. But what about the other traits he examined? Each trait had a 3:1 ratio. No way that can be a coincidence! • 1 form of a gene may prevent the expression of the other – Dominant gene hides recessive gene • Organisms inherit 2 copies of each gene – One from each parent Dominant + Dominant Allele Homozygous Dominant Recessive + Recessive Allele Homozygous Recessive Recessive + Dominant Allele Heterozygous Dominant + Recessive Allele Heterozygous • Genes are located on chromosomes • Traits are determined by genes from mom and dad – Allele: Alternative forms of a gene • Letters used to abbreviate alleles – Dominant Allele = Capital letter – Recessive Allele = Lowercase letter • Phenotype: Actual appearance of a gene Ex: Purple flowers • Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism Ex: 2 dominant alleles (PP) • Genotype determines phenotype Cross a homozygous dominant yellow (YY) plant with a homozygous recessive green (yy) plant Key Y = yellow y = green 100% Probability of growing a yellow plant? _____________ 0% Probability of growing a homozygous recessive plant? ____________ 0% Probability of growing a homozygous dominant plant? ____________ Cross a heterozygous dominant yellow (Yy) plant with a heterozygous dominant yellow (Yy) plant Key Y = Yellow y = green 50% Probability of growing a heterozygous plant? ________ 25% Probability of growing a green plant? ________ 25% Probability of growing pure yellow? _________ Maria is a heterozygous healthy (Hh) female and Jeff suffers from recessive cystic fibrosis (??). Key H = healthy h = cystic fibrosis Probability of having a healthy 50% child? _________ Probability of having a homozygous 0% dominant child? ________ Kobe Kuiz 1) How are dominant alleles expressed? Recessive? 2) Which of the following are genotypes? Phenotypes? TT Green yY Pp Purple gg Smooth 3) Which of the following are heterozygous genotypes? TT Green yY Pp Purple gg Smooth 4) Genes may often be found in two forms (dominant and recessive). What are these alternate forms of a gene called? 5) Genes are segments of DNA found on _______________. 6) If item A is found in a 2:1 ratio compared to item B, what percentage is item A? 7) If item A is found in a 4:1 ratio compared to item B, what percentage is item A? 8) George & Martha are planning a family. Each has a family history of autosomal recessive disorder and they agree to have their blood tested. George is found to be heterozygous healthy and Martha is found to be homozygous dominant healthy. What are the chances they have a healthy child? Homozygous dominant child? Heterozygous child? Homozygous recessive child?