Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Genetics
Document related concepts
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Skewed X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Hybrid (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Public health genomics wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
Koinophilia wikipedia , lookup
Heritability of IQ wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Pharmacogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression programming wikipedia , lookup
Human genetic variation wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Behavioural genetics wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
Medical genetics wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Polymorphism (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Inbreeding avoidance wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Genetic drift wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Human leukocyte antigen wikipedia , lookup
Quantitative trait locus wikipedia , lookup
Hardy–Weinberg principle wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Probability & Genetics .A. Learning goals Explain the random process of chromosome segregation and distribution of alleles in gametes. Predict possible combinations of alleles in a zygote from the genetic makeup of the parents. B. Independent Assortment of Alleles Gametes (sperm and egg) will contain two alleles for each gene. They are divided randomly during meiosis. Sperm + Egg Yy yy Yy Yy yy yy *this random selection of alleles occurs for23 pairs of chromosomes for thousands of genes !!! Probability C. Punnett Square Terminology Homozygous: Individuals with identical alleles Ex. RR, rr Heterozygous: Individuals with different alleles ex. Rr Dominant: always expresses the trait Rr, RR Recessive: needs both recessive alleles to express the trait rr Phenotype – physical characteristic Ex. White fur, blue eyes, green skin Genotype – genetic makeup Ex. FF, Bb, or gg How to use Punnett Squares Choose a letter to represent the alleles in the cross. Write the genotypes of the parents. Determine the possible gametes (reproductive cells) that the parent can produce. Enter the possible gamete at the top and side of the Punnett square. D. Practice Ex. 1 A plant that is homozygous recessive for short , _tt___, is crossed with a plant that is homozygous for TT. How many offspring will be short? T t t Tt Tt T Tt Tt Answer: O , all will be tall and heterozygous. Ex. 2 The Rock has the heterozygous condition of rolling tongue, Rr and his wife has the heterozygous condition as well, Rr. They have four children. What is the ratio among the offspring T of rolling tongue T R r R RR Rr r Rr rr Answer: 3:1 of the offspring have rolling tongue! Punnett Squares Monohybrid & Dihybrid Crosses Punnett Squares Mendel’s Principles Summary The inheritance of biological characteristics are determined by genes. For two or more forms of a gene, dominance and recessive forms may exist. Most sexually reproductive organisms have two sets of genes that separate during gamete formation. Alleles segregate independently.
