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Download Genetics Terminology
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Genetics Terminology • Trait-characteristic or quality – EX: Tongue rolling. • The gene codes for the trait. There are 2 versions of the gene called Alleles. 1. Can roll tongue = Dominant = T 2. Cannot roll tongue. = Recessive = t Each trait receives two alleles, one from the mother, one from the father. • Homozygous: all of the same alleles. – TT or tt • Heterozygous: Different alleles – Tt • • • • Genotype: Phenotype TT : Rolls Tongue Tt : Rolls Tongue tt : cannot roll • Phenotype: Physical/feel • Genotype: Genes • Trait-characteristic or quality – EX: Tongue rolling. • The gene codes for the trait. There are 2 versions of the gene called Alleles. 1. 2. Can roll tongue = Dominant = T Cannot roll tongue. = Recessive = t Each trait receives two alleles, one from the mother, one from the father. Genetic Crosses • Monohybrid: one trait • Dihybrid: two traits • Working backwards with you -grandparents: P generation - parents : F1 Generation -You: F2 generation Test Cross: used to determine if a phenotypically dominant individual is homozygous or heterozygous True-breeding: homozygous for a trait. • Homozygous: all of the same alleles. – TT or tt • Heterozygous: Different alleles – Tt • • • • Genotype: Phenotype TT : Rolls Tongue Tt: Rolls Tongue tt : cannot roll • Phenotype: Physical • Genotype: Genes • • Test Cross Unknown dominant x known recessive See example on the board • • Monohybrid: one trait Dihybrid: two traits • Working backwards with you -grandparents: P generation - parents : F1 Generation -You: F2 generation Test Cross: used to determine if a phenotypically dominant individual is homozygous or heterozygous • Look at the offspring of the test cross to determine if it is heter or homozygous. 9,10,11 • 10. –B½ – C. ¼ • 11. – A. 1/8 – B. 1/32 – C. 1/32 – D 1/32 Complete Dominance • “Normal” dominance • The dominant allele is completely expressed over the recessive allele. Incomplete Dominance • Incomplete = IN between • The heterozygous genotypes have a phenotype that is IN between the two homozygous genotypes • Red-Pink-White • RR – Rr - rr Codominance and Multiple Alleles • Co dominant= Cocaptains of equal strenth on a team. • The heterozygous alleles are equally expressed • Multiple alleles. An additional allele can represent the recessive. More non-Dominant Inheritance • Pleiotropy-one gene has many effects • Epistatis-one gene affects the expression of another gene BbCc Sperm 1/ 4 BC 1/ 4 bC BbCc 1/ 4 Bc 1/ 4 bc Eggs 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 4BC BBCC BbCC BBCc BbCc BbCC bbCC BbCc bbCc BBCc BbCc BBcc Bbcc BbCc bbCc Bbcc bbcc 4 bC 4 Bc 4 bc 9 : 3 : 4 Non-Dominant Inheritance • Polygenic InheritanceMany alleles develop a trait. Example: Skin Color • Role of the environment AaBbCcAaBbCc Sperm 1/ 1/ 8 1/ 8 1/ 8 1/ 8 Eggs1 8 1/ 8 1/ 8 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 8 8 8 8 8 /8 1/ 8 1/ 1/ 8 8 Phenotypes:1/64 6/64 15/64 20/64 15/64 6/64 1/64 Number of 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 dark-skin alleles: Ch 15-mostly review • Law of Segregation • Law of Independent Assortment • The 2 alleles that each parent has for a trait separate to make sex cells • The alleles will be random in the sperm and egg. 44 + XY Not all like humans • Grasshoppers = two x is female, one x is male • Z-W system is opposite humans, females determine • Bees-diploid are females, haploid are males. 44 + XX Parents 22 + 22 + or Y X Sperm + 44 + XX or 22 + X Egg 44 + XY Zygotes (offspring) (a) The X-Y system 22 + XX 22 + X 76 + ZW 76 + ZZ 32 (Diploid) 16 (Haploid) (b) The X-0 system (c) The Z-W system (d) The haplo-diploid system • W+ is wild type, usually dominant always homozygous. • Only male flies can have white eyes if they receive their only x from the mutant x. Colorblindness: males are more affected than females. Gene is located on X chromosome, heterozygous females are carriers. XNXN Sperm Xn Xn Y (a) Sperm XN Y Eggs XN XNXn XNY XN XNXn XNY Xn (b) Sperm Xn Y Eggs XN XNXN XNY XNXn XNY XNXn Xn Y Y Eggs XN XNXn XNY Xn XN Xn Y Xn (c) Xn Xn Xn Y Fig. 15-15 (a) (b) (c) (d) A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H Deletion Duplication A B C E F G H A B C B C D E Inversion A D C B E R F G H M N O C D E Reciprocal translocation M N O P Q F G H A B P Q R F G H Quiz on Wednesday:chapter 16 • • • • • A, T, C, G bonds Purines vs. Pyrimidine 5’-3’ order Replication, Transcription, Translation Helicase, Leading and Lagging strand,