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Genetics, and Evolutionary Psychology 3C 1 Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences Heredity – transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to children through genes Behavior Geneticists - study our differences and weigh the relative effects of heredity and environment on behavior and personality. 2 Nurture and Human Diversity Some Environmental Influences: Parents Prenatal Experience Peer Influence Culture Gender 3 Genes: Our Codes for Life Chromosomes – threadlike structures made up of DNA molecules that contain genes •Any genetic basis for a trait are located in chromosomes •23 from mother and 23 from father •Located in every cell nucleus •DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up the chromosome. •Nucleotide – a group of molecules that form the basic building blocks of DNA • 4 types • Adenine and guanine • Cytosine and thymine 4 Genes: Our Codes for Life Genes - small segments of DNA that are the biochemical units of heredity. •Dominant – gene features appear each time gene is present •Recessive – features only appear with another recessive gene •active - expressed •inactive - not expressed or dormant (may be expressed later in a persons life) • Environmental events “turn on” genes to create protein molecules • Self-regulating – genes react to the environment • African butterfly is green in summer, is brown in fall • Depression gene – responds to stress and codes for a 5 protein that controls serotonin Genes • Alleles – two or more variations of a gene • Can result in different observable Phenotype traits • Example: Different eye colors • Genotypic traits – set of genes responsible for a specific trait. • Example: gene(s) responsible for eye color, baldness, schizophrenia • Phenotypic traits – visibly expressed traits – Example: Blue eyes 6 7 Genome Genome - set of complete instructions for making an organism, containing all the genes in that organism. • human genome makes us human •the genome for drosophila makes it a common house fly. 8 Mutation • Mutation – a random error in gene replication that provides the source of genetic diversity – Nature chooses to pass on those that are most advantageous to survival 9 10 The threadlike structures that contain genes are called 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Genomes Synapses Neurons Chromosomes Hormones Table 0% 1. 0% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 115. DNA is a complex 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Molecule Synapse Gene Genome Neuron Table 0% 1. 0% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 125. The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes are called 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Genomes Molecular genetics Heredity Behavior geneticists genes Table 0% 1. 0% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 135. Twins Biology • Monozygotic (identical twins) – one egg and one sperm • Dizygotic (fraternal twins) – two eggs, two sperm 14 Twin Biology Studying the effects of heredity and environment on twins 1. Identical twins raised together - share the same portion of the chromosomes that determines a single trait or ____________ 1. Identical twins raised apart – same genes, different environment 1. Fraternal twins – different genes, same environment 15 Identical Twins Studies Twin Studies Temperament, Intelligence Abilities, Attitudes Interests, Fears Brain Waves, Heart Rate Caution: any two strangers are likely to share 16 coincidental similarities. IdenticalTwins and IQ • Bouchard Study • .69 Correlational coefficient for IQ tests of identical twins raised apart. • .88 raised together. Twins and Personality Temperament - a person’s stable emotional reactivity and intensity…part of your personality that you are born with. •Extroverted (outgoing) & fearless v. Introverted (shy) & cautious •Identical twins express similar temperaments 18 Separated Identical Twins and Personality •Identical Twins separated at birth – no extreme differences in personality •Differences between fraternal twins are greater than identical twins. Twin Studies Temperament, Intelligence Abilities, Attitudes Interests, Fears Bob Sacha Brain Waves, Heart Rate 19 Adoption Studies •Adoptees - Personalities are different from their adoptive parents and siblings. •Environment shared by a family’s children has relatively no impact on their personalities 20 Personality • Big 5 Traits – – – – – Extroversion – outgoing Agreeableness - cooperative and compassionate Conscientiousness – self-disciplined Neuroticism – negative emotions Openness – willingness to experience new things 21 Twins Studies 22 Parental Influence • Parents do influence: – – – – – Attitudes Values Manners Faith politics 23 Heritability Heritability refers to the extent to which the differences among people are attributable to genes Heritability is numerical value with a range from 0.0 to 1.0 0 = genes do not contribute at all to individual differences High environmentability 1.0 = genes are the only reason for individual differences High heritability For human behavior, almost all estimates of heritability are in the moderate range of .30 to .60. Applies to populations not individuals 100% Genet ics (Natu re) 90% Gen. 80% Gen. 70% Gen. 60% Gen. 50-50 60% Env. 70% Env. 80% Env. 90 % Env . 100% Enviro n. (Nurtu re) 24 Two boys raised in a barrel with identical environmental conditions would have a heritability of ______? 25 26 Gene-Environment Interaction Rex Features People respond differently to Rowan Atkinson (Mr. Bean) than Orlando bloom. Alessia Pierdomenico/Reuters/Corbis •Genes and environment affect our traits individually, but more important are their interactive effects. •Genes are self regulating - genes react to the environment •Depression 27 The New Frontier: Molecular Genetics Molecular genetics is a branch extension of behavior genetics that asks the question, “Do genes influence behavior?” It seeks to identify the specific genes 28 influencing behavior Studies of identical twins who had been reared apart most clearly highlight the importance of ________ in personality development. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 68% Natural selection Mutation Adoptive relatives Home environments Genetic predispositions 26% 5% 0% 1. 0% 2. 3. 4. 295. Adoptive parents are most likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 82% Adult height Political attitudes Adult weight Extraversion personality 14% 0% 1. 0% 2. 3. 5% 4. 305. Heritability refers to the extent to which 1. Unrelated individuals share common genes 2. An obtain result occurred by chance 3. Nurture controls a trait rather than nature 4. Infant personality determines adult personality 5. Variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes 0% 1. 50% 0% 2. 50% 0% 3. 4. 315. Molecular genetics seeks to 1. Identify specific genes influencing behavior 2. Assess the relative contributions of nature and nurture 3. Focus mainly on what makes us so much alike as humans 4. Treat individuals with mental disorders 5. Design machines that interact best with people 82% 12% 6% 0% 1. 2. 3. 0% 4. 325. Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary psychology - studies the evolution of behavior and . mind using principles of natural selection. •Adaptive behaviors are those that promote reproductive success 33 Natural Selection Natural selection - evolutionary process through which adaptive traits are passed on to ongoing generations because these traits help animals survive and reproduce. 34 Examples • Human’s are omnivores • Pregnant Women Avoid Strongly Flavored foods • Children are more valued by biological father than step father 35 Artificial Selection Artificial Selection - process by which humans breed other animals and plants for particular traits. •Belyaev and Trut (1999) - artificially reared and domesticated wild foxes, selecting them for friendly traits. •Any trait that is favored naturally or artificially spreads to future generations. 36 Human Sexuality Gender Differences in Sexuality Question (summarized) Male Female Casual sex 60% 35% Sex for affection 25% 48% Think about sex everyday 54% 19% 37 Mating Preferences Females •Select one male because of the higher costs involved with pregnancy, nursing and childcare. •Look for maturity, dominance, affluence and boldness Males •Mate with multiple females to spread genes •Look for youthful appearance and at ages associated with peak fertility. •If older then wants younger women •IF teenager then want 38 women a few yrs. older Criticisms of Evolutionary Psych • Works backwards to propose and explanation • Underestimates cultural expectations on human sexual behavior • Unethical and immoral men could use explanations to rationalize behavior toward women • Does not consider the importance 39 of individual choices • Explain how an evolutionary psychologist might explain why humans developed into omnivores, eating both meat and plants. 40