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Transcript
Gregor Mendel • Modern genetics had its beginnings in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel was first to figure out basic patterns of inheritance. • He did so by breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments. The work of Gregor Mendel • Previous views of Inheritance – Blending – Spermists – Ovists “Father of Genetics” • Mendel’s mathematical patterns were not appreciated until 1900, 16 years after his death • 1920s: Meiosis • 1950s: Structure of DNA • 1960s: Protein Synthesis • 1990s: Genome Project Genetic crosses • To hybridize 2 varieties of pea plants, Mendel used an artist’s brush. • He transferred pollen from a true breeding white flower to the carpel of a true breeding purple flower. Pea Traits in Greg’s Garden • • • • • • • • Flower Position Plant height Pod appearance Pod appearance Pod color Seed Texture Seed Color Sead coat color Interpreting Mendel’s Data Parent Cross 1st (F1) generation next (F2) generation Round x 100% round 5,474 round wrinkled 1,850 wrink. Yellow x green pea 100% yellow 6,022 yell 2,001 green Long x short stem 100% long stem 787 long 277 short Interpreting Mendel’s Data Parent Cross 1st (F1) generation next (F2) Actual Probability generation Ratio Ratio Round x 100% round 5,474 round 2.96:1 wrinkled 1,850 wrink. 3:1 Yellow x green pea 100% yellow 3:1 Long x short stem 100% long stem 6,022 yell 3.01:1 2,001 green 787 long 277 short 2.84:1 3:1 Tracking heritable characteristics • Mendel tracked heritable characters for 3 generations. • When F1 hybrids were allowed to selfpollinate a 3:1 ratio of the 2 varieties occurred in the F2 generation. Mendel’s law of segregation • By carrying out these monohybrid crosses, Mendel determined that the 2 alleles for each character segregate during gamete production. Mendel’s Observations • “dominant” vs “recessive” • Before “genes” and “meiosis” was thought of, Mendel theorized that “inheritance factors”… – are in the pollen and ova of peas as alternate forms for different traits. – occur in pairs, (equal contribution from both parents) – separate during gamete formation and pair up again at fertilization Mendel’s Law of Segregation • Each hereditary characteristic is controlled by two factors (alleles) that separate and pass into reproductive cells (gametes). Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment • Pairs of inheritance factors (alleles) segregate independently of each other when sex cells (gametes) are formed. Mendelian Inheritance in Humans dominant recessive • • • • Tongue Roller (T) Free Earlobes (F) Dimples (D) Widow’s Peak (P) • • • • Can’t roll tongue (t) Attached lobes (f) No dimples (d) Straight hairline (w) Some Vital Vocab. • • • • • Genetics Genotype vs Phenotype DNA, Chromosome, Gene Alleles (Dominant vs Recessive) Allele Combinations: – Homozygous – Heterozygous