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2009 EVOLUCE GENOMŮ FOXP2 = forkhead box 2 mutation in this gene were found in families that have a high incidence of abnormalities in speech and grammar only one aminoacid substitution had occured in the 130 Myr separating mice and ancestor of humans and chimpanzees two substitution occured in the human lineage during the 4-6 Myr since it separated from chimpanzees! this gene is virtually invariant in another 28 orders of mammals that last shared common ancestor around 100 million years ago (Futuyma, D.J., (2005) Evolution. Sinauer Associates, INC. Sunderland, MA,USA. p. 455) MYH = sarcomeric myosin heavy chain MYH is highly expressed in the chewing muscles of chimpanzees and is responsible for the large size of these muscles in this and other non-human hominins in humans, MYH has been inactivated by a frameshift mutation that occured about 2,4 Myr OR = olfactory receptor genes these are approximately 1200 functional OR genes in the mouse genome, but only 550 in humans = apparently selective pressures to maintain OR gene functionally are relaxed in humans Olfactory Receptor Genes the remote ancestor of mammals carried a single gene for detecting odors that has been duplicated many times as a result, humans today have about 1 000 olfactory receptor genes mice have 1 300 more recently , about 60% of human olfactory receptor genes have been inactivated by mutations whereas mice have lost only 20% of theirs …this dramatic difference demonstrates that a versatile sense of smell is more important to mice than it is to us!