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Chapter 15~ The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Genes have specific loci on chromosomes and chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment Morgan Drosophilia melanogaster XX (female) vs. XY (male) Sex-linkage: genes located on a sex chromosome Linked genes: genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together During crossing over in meiosis: some genes DO NOT assort independently of each other but are often inherited together Genetic maps The further apart 2 genes are, the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency Linkage maps Genetic map based on recombination frequencies SRY gene: gene on Y chromosome that triggers the development of testes Fathers= pass X-linked alleles to all daughters only (but not to sons) Mothers= pass X-linked alleles to both sons & daughters Sex-Linked Disorders: Color-blindness; Duchenne muscular dystropy (MD); hemophilia X-inactivation: 2nd X chromosome in females condenses into a Barr body (e.g., tortoiseshell gene gene in cats) Inactivated X is random, so cells in the cat below might have X from father or mother active (mosaicism) Nondisjunction: members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II Aneuploidy: chromosome number is abnormal • Monosomy~ missing chromosome • Trisomy ~ extra chromosome (Down syndrome) • Polyploidy~ extra sets of chromosomes Alterations of chromosomal structure: Deletion: removal of a chromosomal segment Duplication: repeats a chromosomal segment Inversion: segment reversal in a chromosome Translocation: movement of a chromosomal segment to another Def: a parental effect on gene expression Identical alleles may have different effects on offspring, depending on whether they arrive in the zygote via the ovum or via the sperm. Fragile X syndrome: higher prevalence of disorder and retardation in males