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Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles The Principle of Independent Assortment= that genes for different traits segregate independently during the formation of gametes. Dominant or Recessive? Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, and many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes. BB, Bb, bb Incomplete Dominance The heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the two homozygous phenotypes. Blending Ex. Snapdragons and Four O’clock plants: red, white, pink Incomplete Dominance Codominance Both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism. Ex. Cattle red hair is codominant with the allele for white hair. Cattle with both alleles are roan (pinkish brown). Ex. Chickens with speckled feathers. Multiple Alleles When genes have 3 or more alleles. Ex. Coat color in rabbits. Ex. Human blood types. Polygenic Traits Traits controlled by 2 or more genes. Ex. Eye color in fruit flies (3 genes). Ex. Human skin color. Wide range of skin colors because 4 genes control color. Blood Types and Codominance Blood type problem Charlie Brown and Peppermint Patty got married. What possible genotypes will the children have if Patty has type A blood (IAIO) and Charlie has type AB (IAIB) ? Sex- Linked Genes X &Y chromosome determine sex, genes located on these are sex-linked. Colorblindness, hemophilia, Muscular Dystrophy located on the X chromosome. X-Linked Alleles Males have only one X chromosome. All X-linked alleles are expressed. Females- both of the recessive alleles have to be present to have colorblindness. Men pass their X chromosome along to their daughters. X-linked genes fatherdaughterson. COLORBLINDNESS A man with normal XC vision XCY marries a woman with XC XCXC normal vision XCXc. This woman is a Xc XCXc Carrier of the gene. Y XCY XcY What is the probability that a daughter will be colorblind? O % chance of colorblind daughters What is the probability that a son will be colorblind? 50 % chance of colorblind son