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Chapter 7 – Are You Only as Smart as Your Genes Genetics: Genetic Heredity – Organisms have two sets of chromosomes (1 set from each parent) – Alleles: genes that code for different traits (ex. height) • Alleles are represented by a letter • Dominant (capital) trait appears over the recessive (lowercase) trait Differentiation • Differentiation – same genetic information, different look & function • All your cells have the same genetic information – Criminal cases use any tissue sample to collect DNA; investigations can use DNA from different tissues to identify someone at a crime scene • Why are cells different? – The genetic information is ‘read’ and expressed differently Segregation & Independent Assortment • Each gamete gets half of a persons chromosomes • Segregation: All genes (chromosomes) don’t always go to the same gamete, they have to go through: – Segregation: genes may split into different gametes – Independent Assortment: genes go to gametes independently (not always with the same genes) Gene Expression • Genotype (Genetic makeup) Types of Genotypes – Homozygous Dominant: two capital letters – Homozygous Recessive: two lowercase letters – Heterozygous: one capital, one lowercase letter • Phenotype (Physical traits) – Expression of alleles Predicting Offspring Traits • Punnett Squares are used to predict the likelihood of an offspring acquiring a trait • For one trait, a four square Punnett Square is used – Each square represents a 25% chance Why do phenotype & genotype have different ratios? Quantitative Traits • Quantitative traits do not go through these yes-or-no or onor-off characteristics • Quantitative traits are continuous traits that show inbetween characteristics – Ex. Height, weight, skin color, susceptibility to cancer • Factors determining the phenotype of quantitative traits – Inheritance: traits are influenced by many genes – Environment: environmental factors determine traits Heritability • Estimating heritibility: researchers use correlations between individuals with varying degrees of genetic similarity – Heritability in humans is measured by examining correlations between groups – Comparisons between parents and children are used Misconceptions of High Heritability • Similarities & differences between groups may be environmental because of environmental factors – Parents & children with similar features may have been raised in the same environment – For some traits, there is no way of knowing how much of it is a result of genetic factors and how much of it is a result of environmental factors