* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download CELL DIVISION
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Koinophilia wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression programming wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Saethre–Chotzen syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Frameshift mutation wikipedia , lookup
Oncogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Skewed X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Y chromosome wikipedia , lookup
Neocentromere wikipedia , lookup
Atypical or Abnormal Cell Division CELL DIVISION Mitosis Gone Awry • Mutations are changes in the molecular structure of DNA that ultimately creates diversity • Carcinogens, radiation viruses and other factors can all cause mutations. http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=Hm03rCUODqg Breast cancer cells dividing (3 days time lapse) Mutations in somatic cells aren’t passed to offspring There are two different types of mutation: • A) Gene Mutations – A new alleles for a trait suddenly appears on the chromosome that carries the gene Damage to Chromosome Structure • Large scale mutations that damage chromosome structure can occur when something unusual happens during crossing over. Translocation – the transfer of a chromosome segment to a nonhomologous chromosome. Deletion - occurs when a chromosome segment breaks off, resulting in the loss of some genes Duplication – occurs when part of a chromosome is repeated Inversion – occurs when a piece of a chromosome is rotated so that the order of genes in the segment is reversed. Atypical Meiosis • NONDISJUNCTION – the uneven separation of homologous chromosomes during Anaphase. Mutations in gametes • Mutations in meiosis are inherited by offspring though no disorder was evident in the parent • By age 42, 90% of a woman’s eggs are chromosomally abnormal. Thus, at age eighteen, 1:2,000 live births results in Down Syndrome. By age 42 that rises to 1:25 Trisomy 21 • Down Syndrome – there is an extra chromosome in either the egg or sperm making 47 in the zygote Genetic Screening • Amniocentesis – withdraw fluid and cells from the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus to look at chromosomal abnormalities http://video.about.com/pregnancy/Amni ocentesis.htm Trisomy 8,9,13,16,18 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QJF0Cs4f9s • March is Trisomy Awareness month. I photographed this series of portraits at the SOFT (Support for Families with Trisomy 18, 13 and Related Disorders) conference in Roanoke, Virginia during July 2009. I am trying to raise awareness that while only 10% of these kids survive their first year the ones that do live a rich life. Expectant parents are often told that Trisomy is incompatible with life and I am trying to share their unique beauty through these digital images. These children and young adults do not pose for photographs but can be captured being themselves, living in the moment. Most are non-verbal so I see it as an honor to help tell their stories visually. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-u2nbfgpP3U