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Transcript
Some mt & cp proteins contain subunits encoded by organelle’s genome Mito DNA Human Oddities • 3 promoters: 2 on H strand, one on L • pL transcribes entire light strand; later processed into tRNA & ND6 • pH1 transcribes entire H strand • pH2 may transcribe 12S & 16S rRNA • In vitro only need TFAM & TFB2M to transcribe pL & pH1 Mito DNA Human Oddities • 3 promoters: 2 on H strand, one on L • pL transcribes entire light strand; later processed into tRNA & ND6 • pH1 transcribes entire H strand • pH2 may transcribe 12S & 16S rRNA • In vitro only need TFAM & TFB2M to transcribe pL & pH1 • Uncertain if pH2 is used Mito DNA Human Oddities •DNA replication: controlled by nuclear genes Mito DNA Human Oddities •DNA replication: controlled by nuclear genes •Separate origins for H and L strands! DNA replication: controlled by nuclear genes •Separate origins for H and L strands! •Replicates in D-loop manner: starts at OH & heads towards OL displacing opposite strand until hits OL & new fork starts replicating in opposite direction. Mito DNA range from 6 kb in Plasmodium to 2500 kb (muskmelons) •7 fold variation in mt genome size within cucurbit family •watermelon =330 kb, muskmelon = 2500 kb •considerable variation within same species •5 different cytotopes in maize, vary from 540-740kb Mito DNA •considerable variation within same species •5 different cytotopes in maize, vary from 540-740kb Plant Mito DNA encodes ~13 proteins, also rRNA & tRNA • subunits of ATP synthase & complexes I, II, III & IV Plant Mito DNA encodes ~13 proteins, also rRNA & tRNA • subunits of ATP synthase & complexes I, II, III & IV • some mRNA are trans-spliced from 2 diff transcripts! Plant mtDNA encodes ~13 proteins, also rRNA & tRNA • subunits of ATP synthase & complexes I, II, III & IV • some mRNA are trans-spliced from 2 diff transcripts! • some mRNA are edited: bases changed after synthesis! Plant mtDNA encodes ~13 proteins, also rRNA & tRNA • subunits of ATP synthase & complexes I, II, III & IV • some mRNA are trans-spliced from 2 diff transcripts! • some mRNA are edited: bases changed after synthesis! •Mech to prevent nucleus from stealing genes? •Find cp & nuc genes in mtDNA! Plant mtDNA encodes ~13 proteins, also rRNA & tRNA • some mRNA are trans-spliced from 2 diff transcripts! • some mRNA are edited: bases changed after synthesis! •Mech to prevent nucleus from stealing genes? • mtDNA recombines to form new genes: see many smaller molecules cf one big circle Plant mtDNA mtDNA recombines to form new genes: see many smaller molecules cf one big circle some poison pollen development to create cytoplasmic male sterility Plant mtDNA mtDNA recombines to form new genes, some poison pollen development to create cytoplasmic male sterility Pollen don't transmit mito! Plant mtDNA mtDNA recombines to form new genes, some poison pollen development to create cytoplasmic male sterility •Pollen don't transmit mito! •Widely used in plant breeding •Eg hybrid corn, rice Plant mtDNA mtDNA recombines to form new genes, some poison pollen development to create cytoplasmic male sterility •Pollen don't transmit mito! •Widely used in plant breeding •Eg hybrid corn, rice •described in over 150 different spp. •Often arises after a wide cross, or after protoplast fusion CMS •described in over 150 different spp. •Often arises after a wide cross, or after protoplast fusion can affect either sporophytic or gametophytic tissue either pollen or tapetum can blow up CMS can affect either sporophytic or gametophytic tissue either pollen or tapetum can blow up have major increase in respiration and # mito after meiosis 40 x increase in mt/ cell in tapetum 20 x increase in mt/ cell in sporogenous cells CMS have major increase in respiration and # mitochondria after meiosis 40 x increase in mt/ cell in tapetum 20x in sporogenous cells Often arise due to recombination creating weird fusion encoding defective protein CMS have major increase in respiration and # mitochondria after meiosis 40 x increase in mt/ cell in tapetum 20x in sporogenous cells Often arise due to recombination creating weird fusion encoding defective protein: poisons respiration Not enough energy to make good pollen CMS Often arise due to recombination creating weird fusion encoding defective protein: poisons respiration Not enough energy to make good pollen Gametophytic may arise because defective protein is only expressed in developing pollen: eg cytotoxic orf79 in CMS-Boro II rice RFµspores cms leaf cms µspores A B anther walls A B CMS Gametophytic may arise because defective protein is only expressed in developing pollen: eg cytotoxic orf79 in CMS-Boro II rice Sporophytic may arise due to programmed cell death triggered by ROS burst, eg Wild Abortive CMS in rice due to WA352 peptide inhibiting COX11 CMS can (usually) be overcome by nuclear "restorer" genes usually a single dominant gene CMS can (usually) be overcome by nuclear "restorer" genes usually a single dominant gene RF genes often encode protein which restores good mRNA eg. by splicing fusion in Hong-Lian cms rice CMS can (usually) be overcome by nuclear "restorer" genes usually a single dominant gene RF genes often encode protein which restores good mRNA eg. by splicing fusion in Hong-Lian cms rice Or by blocking WA352 expression in Wild Abortive CMS rice CMS RF genes often encode protein which restores good mRNA eg. by splicing fusion in Hong-Lian cms rice Or by blocking WA352 expression in Wild Abortive CMS rice Constant battle: mito evolve way to kill pollen and nucleus evolves way to overcome it. Mitochondria and the immune system Mitochondria are involved in many aspects of innate immunity •Pathogens and damaged mito trigger very similar responses Mitochondria and the immune system Mitochondria are involved in many aspects of innate immunity •Pathogens and damaged mito trigger very similar responses •pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are bound by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that trigger inflammatory responses Mitochondria and the immune system Mitochondria are involved in many aspects of innate immunity •Pathogens and damaged mito trigger very similar responses •pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are bound by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that trigger inflammatory responses •damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released by broken mito bind the same receptors & trigger same responses.
