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Transcript
QOD
Who is Thomas Hunt Morgan?
What were his contributions to the
field of genetics?
Chapter 12: Inheritance Patterns
and Human Genetics
Section 1: Chromosomes and
Inheritance
Sex Determination and Sex
Linkage
Thomas Hunt Morgan
– Fruit flies (Drosophila)
Sex chromosomes
Sex linkage
– X-linked and y-linked
– Drosophila eye color
– Humans
Color blindness
Hemophelia
XX and YY
Chart
To return to the chapter summary click escape or close this document.
Sex linkage
Linkage Groups
Linkage group
Morgan’s drosophila
– GGLL x ggll
F1 all heterozygous gray body, long wings
– GgLl x GgLl
Hypothesis: 3:1 ration Gray/long:black/short
Actual: neither 9:3:3:1, nor 3:1
Crossing-over
Chromosome Mapping
Chromosome map
– Alfred Sturtevant
– Frequencies of crossing-over
Map unit
Mutations
Germ-cell mutations
Somatic cell mutations
Lethal mutations
Chromosome
Gene
Chromosome Mutations
Insertion
Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
Nondisjunction
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Gene Mutations
Point mutations
– Substitution
– Frameshift mutations
Insertion
Deletion
Gene Mutations
To return to the chapter summary click escape or close this document.
QOD
What is a polygenic trait?
Examples? Describe the
phenotypic ranges resulting from
this inheritance.
Chapter 12: Inheritance Patterns
and Human Genetics
Section 2: Human Genetics
PedigreeHuntington
Disease
To return to the chapter summary click escape or close this document.
To return to the chapter summary click escape or close this document.
Genetic Disorders Caused by
Single Allele
Dominant
– Huntington’s disease
– Polydactyly
Recessive
– Albinism
– Cystic fibrosis
– Phenylketonuria
– Tay-Sachs
Codominance
Sickle Cell Disease
– Homozygous sickle cell  disorder
– Change in hemoglobin – protein in RBC’s that
carry oxygen/carbon dioxide
– Heterozygous:
– Heterozygous individuals have advantage
Multiple Alleles
Blood types
Three alleles
– IA = A type
– IB = B type
– I = O type
– Also shows codominance
ABO Blood
GroupSurface Pro A
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ABO Blood
GroupSurface Pro B
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ABO Blood
GroupSurface Pro
B-B
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ABO Blood
GroupNo Surface
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Blood Types
Type Alleles Antigens Antibodies
A
B
AB
O
Accepts Donates
to:
Blood Types
Type Alleles Antigens Antibodies
A
IA IA , IA i A
B
B
IB IB , IB i B
A
AB
IA IB
A and B
None
O
ii
None
Accep Donates
ts
to:
A, O
A, AB
B, O
A, B,
AB, O
A and B O
B, AB
AB
A, B,
AB, O
Blood types
IA and IB are codominant to eachother
IA and IB are dominant to I
Type AB is known as the “Universal
Acceptor”
Type O is known as the “Universal donor”
QOD
How can we detect genetic
disorders in a fetus?
Sex-Linked Traits
Muscular dystrophy
Color-blindness
Hemophelia
Different from sex-influenced traits
Polygenic Inheritance
Range in phenotypes
Examples:
– Height
– Eye color
– Skin color
Number of
Genes
Involved in
Skin Color
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Abnormal Numbers of
Chromosomes
How?
Nondisjunction
– Monosomy
– Trisomy
– Polyploidy
– Down syndrome
Detecting Genetic Disorders
Genetic counseling
Amniocentesis
Chorionic villi sampling
Karyotyping
Karyotype 1
Karyotype 2
Turner’s Syndrome
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Karyotype 4