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The Five Organic Molecules of Life Or … the importance of Carbon Section Objectives: 1. 2. 3. Discuss the five organic molecules of life. Name some examples of each. Compare the structures of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, ATP and nucleic acids and relate their importance to living things Only about 25 of the naturally occurring elements are essential to living things The four most common elements in living things are: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen CHON Carbon is the Coolest Why it’s cool, and what it can do… ! Carbon compounds are considered ORGANIC (FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON) Carbon may form single, double, or triple bonds Carbon can even bond with itself! Carbon compounds may be… straight chains branched chains or rings So What? The ability of carbon to form so many and to bond with itself is the chemical source of the great biodiversity on Earth. Small carbon molecules, like glucose, can be bonded together to make larger molecules These large organic molecules are called: Biomolecules or… Macromolecules (macro = giant) Cells build biomolecules by bonding small molecules together to form chains The long chain is a polymer The small subunits are monomers Produces water when the long chains are made How do polymers break down into monomers? Uses water when they are broken down. H2O There are Five Types of Organic Compounds Essential to Life Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids ATP All of these compounds are built from C, H and O but in different ratios….. Carbohydrates 1. Carbohydrates -provide energy and energy storage -provide structure in plants Simple carbohydrates have the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 for example, C6H12O6 Simple Carbohydrates. . . The monomers are single sugars called monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, galactose, and disaccharides lactose and sucrose Lactose Simple Carbohydrates. . . Table sugar, Fruit, Sweets Quick energy easily broken down b/c it’s simple Complex Carbohydrates -long chains of simple sugars are called polysaccharides. -used to store energy -source of longer energy, take longer to break down -use for structure in plants Starch Function: energy storage by plant cells Glycogen Function: energy storage by animals Cellulose Difficult for some animals to break down Function: gives plants structural support Chitin Function – forms the exoskeleton of arthropods and fungi Proteins Proteins have many different structures and functions (metabolism, structure, transport, protection, and to speed up chemical reactions) Proteins are composed of C, H, O and N (and S (sulfur) in some) Amino Acids The monomers are amino acids. There are 20 standard amino acids for humans 12 built by the body 8 essential amino acids from food. Proteins: Structure The polymers are called polypeptides (proteins). Proteins consist of two or more polypeptides, and can come in a sheet, a cluster, or a helix. Proteins: Structural Structural proteins provide support. Examples include your skin, hair and cartilage (Your ears and nose), webs, feathers and horns Proteins: Enzymes Proteins called enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the body. An example is digestive enzymes Proteins: Hormones Proteins called hormones help to coordinate the body’s activities An example is insulin. Proteins: Transport Transport proteins carry other substances throughout the body. An example is the hemoglobin on your red blood cells which carries oxygen Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides Nucleic Acids store information for cells and code for proteins They are made of C, H, O, N and P The monomers of nucleic acids are called nucleotides There are four: adesine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Nucleic Acids: DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA) is a double helix. A=T G=C Nucleic Acids: RNA RNA is single stranded copy of DNA that is used to make proteins 3 RNA nucleic bases code for 1 amino acid Lipids 3. Lipids Used for energy storage Use for structure (cell membrane) Composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) Much less oxygen than in carbohydrates Not true polymers, but an important biomolecule A component of many lipids are fatty acids Solid at room temperature Liquid at room temperature Lipids Lipids with three fatty acids are called triglycerides triglyceride LIPIDS: Fats and Oils Triglycerides are what we commonly call fats They store a lot of energy Plants = store oils Animals = store fats At room temp: fats = solid oils = liquid LIPIDS: Phospholipids Lipids with two fatty acids are called phospholipids. Phospholipids are the main component of cell membranes and function to provide a barrier around the cell. LIPIDS: Waxes Waxes have one long fatty-acid chain attached to a long alcohol chain. Waxes are highly waterproof and form protective layers in plants and animals. Beehives, plant leaves, LIPIDS: Steroids Steroids are very different from fatty-acids. Four carbon rings. They regulate sexual development, reproduction, metabolism, immune system, and development of muscles and bone. Cholesterol is a steroid necessary for your nerve cells to work Many hormones are steroids. Testosterone and estrogen Lipids vs. Carbohydrates Lipids store about 2x as much energy as the same mass of carbohydrates ATP Food energy is converted into energy trapped in ATP molecules to be used for all cell functions. a little review What is shown? structural formula for water Is this organic? No, it doesn’t contain carbon Organic? Yes, it contains carbon How was this bond formed? condensation What type of organic compound? Carbohydrate Organic? Type? YES! Lipid Organic? Type? protein YES!!! the monomers that make up this peptide are called… amino acids This represents one… Nucleotide Nucleotides are joined to form large polymers called… DNA or RNA