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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 2.3 Carbon Based Molecules What are carbon-based molecules and why are they so important to life? 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life. • • Carbon atoms (symbolized by “C”) are the “building blocks of life because most life on Earth is “carbonbased”. Carbon atoms are the basis for the molecules that make up all living things on Earth. - Molecules that contain carbon are called organic molecules. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Which of the following is considered an organic molecule? A. B. C. D. E. F. H2O CO2 H2 CaPO4 NaCl [Option 2] 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon atoms are special because they can form bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. – straight chain – branched chain – ring (will always have carbon in the corners) 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Carbon chains can bond with other carbon chains or rings to make very long, complex molecules. • Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. – Monomers are the individual subunits. – Polymers are made of many monomers. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • All monomers in a polymer can be the same, as in starch, or they can be different as they are in proteins. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules The picture is an example of which type of carbon-based monomer? A. Chain B. Branched C. Ring 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. 1. Carbohydrates are molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. – They include sugars and starches – Are found in fruits and grains 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • The most basic carbohydrates are called monosaccharides, or simple sugars. – Usually contain 5 or 6 carbon atoms. – Ex: - Fructose (found in fruits) - Glucose (found in plants) 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Many monosaccharides can be combined together to form polysaccharides. – Ex. Two sugars bonded together form table sugar. – Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen. Polymer (starch) Polymer (cellulose) monomer Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Starches are made by plants and are broken down to provide energy for plant cells. It is also eaten by other animals. • Cellulose is a part of plant cell structure. It makes up the tough, stringy part of plants 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 2. Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. – fatty acids are the chains of carbon bonded to hydrogen atoms that make up lipids – Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Triglyceride 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. – saturated fatty acids – unsaturated fatty acids - Monounsaturated - Polyunsaturated 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • saturated fatty acids – Each carbon atom s attached to two carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms – They form a straight chain that is easily stacked in your blood stream. – Can cause blockages. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • unsaturated fatty acids – Carbon atoms are not saturated with hydrogen atoms. – Some form double bonds with another carbon instead. – This causes a “kink” in the chain and makes the fat less likely to stack and block. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Polyunsaturated fats have more double bonds and kinks than monounsaturated fats. This means that they are even less likely to stack than monounsaturated fats. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Which type of fat would you want to avoid most? A. Polyunsaturated fat B. Saturated fat C. Monounsaturated fat 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Lipids have several different functions. – broken down as a source of energy – make up cell membranes – used to make hormones 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. – “head” is polar and made of a phosphate group – “tails” are nonpolar fatty acids Phospholipid 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Phospholipids naturally come together in the arrangement seen below to make up our cell membranes (the boundary that protects our cells) 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 3. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. – Amino acids are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. – All amino acids have similar structures. – Each amino acid monomer has a carbon that is bonded to four other parts. Three of these parts are the same in ALL amino acids: - A hydrogen atom - An amino group (NH2- a part that contains nitrogen (N)) - And a carboxyl group (COOH) 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Amino acids differ only in side groups, or R groups. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. – The bonds form between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid • Through peptide bonds, amino acids are linked in chains called polypeptides (a chain of amino acids) • A protein is one or more polypeptides. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. This gives a protein its structure and function. Hemoglobin hydrogen bond – Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function. - One wrong amino acid of the 574 in hemoglobin causes sickle cell anemia 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Proteins are polymers made of monomers of A. B. C. D. Nucleotides Fatty acids Sugars Amino acids 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 4. Nucleic Acids • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides (many nucleotides come together to make a nucleic acid) • There are two general types of nucleic acids: – DNA – RNA 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules – DNA stores genetic information. DNA – RNA builds proteins. RNA 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins have large numbers of structures and functions. • In contrast, nucleic acids have one function: to work together to make proteins 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules What are the four main groups of organic molecules? A. B. C. D. carbohydrates, nucleotides, fatty acids, and amino acids proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and proteins nucleic acids, saccharides, proteins, and lipids 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Lipids are polymers made of monomers of A. B. C. D. Nucleotides Fatty acids Sugars Amino acids 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Peptide bonds hold these monomers together in chains A. B. C. D. Nucleic acids Fatty acids Sugars Amino acids 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules These are made of one or more polypeptides A. B. C. D. Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic acids