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Carbon- Based Molecules
Grapple Time…
 Car manufacturers often build several types of cars
from the same____________________. The size and
style of the cars might differ on the outside, but they
have the __________________________underneath.
 Carbon-based molecules are similar…but much
more_____________.
Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties
I.
Carbon is Often Called The Building Block of Life
a. Carbon atoms are the ________________of most
molecules that make up living things.
b. Carbon is so important because its atomic
structure gives it bonding properties that are
___________________among elements.
i. Carbon has _____________unpaired
electrons in its outer shell, so it can bond
with up to four other atoms, including other
atoms. It acts like an
“____________________”.
ii. Because of carbon’s ability to form four
covalent bonds, it can have three basic
structures- ____________________chains,
_____________chains, and_________.
c. Small molecules are subunits of an entire
molecule, like links in a chain. Each sub unit is
called a_________________.
d. When monomers are linked, they form a
_______________(chain). A polymer is a large
molecule, or_____________________, made of
many monomers bonded together.
Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in
living things
I.
Carbohydrates
a. These are molecules composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and____________________, and they
include sugars and starches.
b. Main function- Can be broken down to provide a
source of _______________________for cells.
c. Function- Can be used to give
____________________to plant cells, fungal
cells, and the exoskeletons of some invertebrate
animals.
d. Monomer:_______________________. Fructose
and glucose are both 6-carbon simple sugars.
These are also known as___________________.
e. Polymer:
i. Polysaccharides such as
____________(stored by plants which can
then be broken down as a source of energy)
and _______________________(known as
“animal starch” which is stored in the liver
of animals and broken down for energy as
well).
ii. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers
that has a straight,
______________structure and gives support
to plant cells. The long, stringy fibers in
_____________are cellulose fibers.
II.
Lipids
a. These are ___________________molecules that
are made up of chains of carbon atoms bonded to
oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
b. _______________, oils, __________________,
and waxes are examples.
c. Main function: Broken down as a source of
__________________for cells.
d. Function: Part of a cell’s___________________.
e. Function:___________________.
f. Monomer: Three fatty acids bonded to glycerol,
called______________________.
g. All cell membranes are made mostly of a type of
lipid called a_____________________.
h. Cholesterol is a lipid that has a
_________structure, and although you hear about
the dangers of eating foods that contain a lot of
cholesterol, your body actually needs a certain
amount of it to function.
i. Makes up cell_____________________.
ii. Your body uses it to make steroid
_______________such as testosterone and
estrogen.
III. Proteins
a. These are the most _______________carbonbased molecules in organisms.
b. Main Functions: Many!
___________________reactions, function in the
________________system,
carry_______________, build structures of the
body.
c. Monomer-_________________. These are
molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
d. Organisms use ________ different amino acids to
build proteins. Your body can make 12 of the
amino acids, and you can get the others from
foods you eat such
as_____________________________________.
e. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino
acids. The ______________________determines
a protein’s structure and function.
f. Hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen.
The structure of hemoglobin depends on
_____________________________between
specific amino acids. Just one amino acid change
causes red blood cells to have the curved shape
of__________________________.
IV. Nucleic Acids
a. Main function: ________and
____________hereditary information, which
makes proteins.
b. Monomers-________________, which are made
up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen
containing base.
c. Examples of nucleic acids:__________________.