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Do Now: • Name the properties of water that make it important to life. Grapple Time… • Car manufacturers often build several types of cars from the same internal frame. The size and style of the cars might differ on the outside, but they have the same structure underneath. • Carbon-based molecules are similar…but much more varied. Mini-Lesson: Carbon- Based Molecules Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties I. Carbon is Often Called The Building Block of Life a. Carbon atoms are the basis of most molecules that make up living things. b. Carbon is so important because its atomic structure gives it bonding properties that unique among elements. i. Carbon has four unpaired electrons in its outer shell, so it can bond with up to four other atoms, including other atoms. It acts like an “intersection”. ii. Because of carbon’s ability to form four covalent bonds, it can have three basic structures- straight chains, branched chains, and rings. c. Small molecules are subunits of an entire molecule, like links in a chain. Each sub unit is called a monomer. d. When monomers are linked, they form a polymer (chain). A polymer is a large molecule, or macromolecule, made of many monomers bonded together. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things I. Carbohydrates a. These are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and they include sugars and starches. b. Main function- Can be broken down to provide a source of usable energy for cells. c. Function- Can be used to give structure to plant cells, fungal cells, and the exoskeletons of some invertebrate animals. d. Monomer: Simple sugars. Fructose and glucose are both 6-carbon simple sugars. These are also known as monosaccharides. e. Polymer: i. ii. Polysaccharides such as starch (stored by plants which can then be broken down as a source of energy) and glycogen (known as “animal starch” which is stored in the liver of animals and broken down for energy as well). Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure and gives support to plant cells. The long, stringy fibers in celery are cellulose fibers. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) monomer Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure II. Lipids a. b. These are nonpolar molecules that are made up of chains of carbon atoms bonded to oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Fats, oils, cholesterol, and waxes are examples. c. Main function: Broken down as a source of usable energy for cells. d. Function: Part of a cell’s structure. e. Function: Insulation. f. Monomer: Three fatty acids bonded to glycerol, called triglycerides. Triglyceride g. All cell membranes are made mostly of a type of lipid called a phospholipid. h. Cholesterol is a lipid that has a ring structure, and although you hear about the dangers of eating foods that contain a lot of cholesterol, your body actually needs a certain amount of it to function. i. Makes up cell membranes. ii. Your body uses it to make steroid hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. III. Proteins a. These are the most varied carbon-based molecules in organisms. b. Main Functions: Many! Speed up reactions, function in the immune system, carry oxygen, build structures of the body. c. Monomer- Amino acids. These are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. d. Organisms use 20 different amino acids to build proteins. Your body can make 12 of the amino acids, and you can get the others from foods you eat such as meat, beans, and nuts. e. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. The specific sequence determines a protein’s structure and function. f. Hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen. The structure of hemoglobin depends on hydrogen bonds between specific amino acids. Just one amino acid change causes red blood cells to have the curved shape of sickle-cell anemia. Hemoglo bin hydrogen bond IV. Nucleic Acids DNA a. Main function: Store and transmit hereditary information, which makes proteins. b. Monomers- Nucleotides, which are made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing base. c. Examples of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. RNA Independent Practice • Fill in the macromolecule chart using the info from this powerpoint and your notes! • With your group, decide which macromolecule you feel is THE most important and why. Debrief • If you had to argue for one of these macromolecules to be THE most important, which would it be and WHY? Next Steps/Homework • STUDY…macromolecule quiz on Monday.