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CH 5 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules The special chemicals of life 1. Identify carbon skeletons and functional groups in organic molecules. • Carbon & water are most important biomolecules to life • Carbon has 4 e- in highest energy level – Can therefore make 4 bonds with other atoms – Carbon bonds with other carbons in various shapes • Hydrocarbons= molecules made of C & H ONLY – Good storage of energy (methane gas) • Functional Groups: – Groups of atoms that attach…giving specific properties 2. Relate monomers and polymers. • Biomolecules can be HUGE in number of atoms – Made up of smaller “chunks”=monomers • Less than 50 different types – Large chains of monomers= polymers • 4 major groups of biomolecules: – Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids 3. Building & Breaking Polymers • Adding monomers = dehydration reaction (removes water) 3. Building & Breaking Polymers • Breaking polymers= hydrolysis reaction (water is added) 5.1 Vocabulary • • • • • • • organic molecule inorganic molecule hydrocarbon functional group hydrophilic monomer polymer 5.2 Carbohydrates provide fuel and building materials. Carbohydrate Video Clip Carbohydrates • AKA- Carbs • 2 Types: – Provide immediate energy (sugars) – Stored as longterm energy (starches) • Hydrophylic due to hydroxyl groups Describe the basic structure and function of sugars. • Made of C, H, and O in the ratio of 1:2:1 • Usually base shape is a carbon ring • Simple sugars = monosaccharides – Glucose, Sucrose, and Galactose – Main supply of energy for cellular work – If not used immediately, will be used to form larger molecules (starches or lipids) Describe the basic structure and function of sugars cont. • Disaccharides= two monosaccharides bonded together – Most common: Sucrose • 1 glucose bonded to 1 fructose • Common in plant saps Describe the basic structure and function of sugars cont. • Polysaccharides= long chains made up of monomers • Ex: starch – Plant starch = in potatoes, corn, rice • Good energy source • Special plant starch for structure: cellulose (we cannot digest) is fiber – Animal version of “starch” = glycogen 5.2 Vocabulary • • • • • • • carbohydrate monosaccharide disaccharide polysaccharide starch glycogen cellulose 5.3 Lipids include fats and steroids Lipids, Oils, & Fats Video Characteristic of lipids • AKA: fats (and steroids) • Hydrophobic =avoid water (do not mix with well) – Act as boundaries between watery boundaries • Serve as chemical messengers • Serve to store energy Structure & Function of Fats • 3 Carbon chain(glycerol) with 3 fatty acids attached • Saturated: contain maxi # of H & solid at room temp., common in animals • Unsaturated: less than max # of H, liquid at room temp., common in plants • Oils= liquid at room temperature • Insulate body for temperature • Store energy Structure and function of steroids. • Lipids b/c hydrophobic but very different • Carbon skeleton is in 4 fused rings • Some are chemical signals (estrogen & testosterone • Cholesterol: essential in cell membranes – Some forms known for causing heart disease 5.3 Vocabulary • • • • • • • lipid hydrophobic fat saturated fat unsaturated fat steroid cholesterol 5.4 Proteins perform most functions in cells Proteins Video Clip Proteins • • • • 10,000+ types Each with a unique 3-D shape Shape determines function Built from 20 different monomers (amino acids) Functions of proteins. • Found in hair, muscles • Circulate in bloodstream to protect against microorgansims • Control chemical reactions in cell Structure of amino acids and proteins • Amino Acids: 1 central Carbon with 4 side groups – – – – Hydrogen atom Carboxyl group Amine group ? (This is different in each amino acid) • Amino acids are linked by dehydration reactions – Form polypeptides (100+ a.a. long) – Each sequence produces a new protein Factors that influence protein shape. • Shape determined by sequence and environmental conditions – Water…pushes & pulls for hydrophylic/hydrophobic • Other environmental changes can ruin the shape of the protein (denaturation)…won’t work – Change in pH – Change in temperature 5.4 Vocabulary • • • • protein amino acid polypeptide denaturation 5.5 Enzymes are Proteins that speed up chemical reactions Enzymes affect activation energy. • Activation energy= energy added to a compound to “weaken” bond – prepares for chemical reaction • Enzymes serve as biological catalysts – Allow reactions to take place at normal cell temperatures (with less energy) • Names typically end in -ase Enzymes shape & function • Enzymes (substrate) fit into compound (active site) • Shape unique to reactants – Shape can be altered like other proteins 5.5 Vocabulary • • • • • activation energy catalyst enzyme substrate active site 11.2 Nuclein Acids store information in the sequence of their units Nucleic Acid Video Clip Building blocks of DNA. • 2 Types of Nucleic Acids: – DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) – RNA (Ribose Nucleic Acid • All made up of nucleotides: – 1 Sugar – 1 Phosphate – 1 Nitrogen base (4 types) Nitrogen Bases • 2 Types of Nitrogen Bases – Purines (2) – Pyrimidines (2) • Total of 4 DNA's structure and the rules for base pairing in DNA • Sugars and phosphates Form “backbone” • Nitrogen bases form “rungs” • DNA is a double helix Discovery of Structure • 1950s Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins discovered double helix shape through X-rays • James Watson and Francis Crick were creating models of DNA… created accurate model after seeing x-rays – Model helped determine: purine pairs with pyrimidine (A & T) (G & C) 11.2 Vocabulary • • • • • • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nucleotide nitrogenous base pyrimidine purine double helix