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Intro to Biology Review http://school.discovery.com/clipart/clip/ani-turtle.html Particle found in the nucleus of an atom with a positive charge proton Scale used to measure acidity pH Glucose ↑ Which of these molecules could be used to make glycogen, starch, or cellulose? The simple sugar that cells burn to release energy is _______________. glucose Give an example of a monosaccharide Glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose, carbohydrate A monosaccharide is a ______________ Lipid nucleic acid carbohydrate protein Many genetic diseases result from the production of enzymes that are not shaped correctly. How could a change in an enzyme’s shape cause it to work poorly or not at all? Changing its shape can alter the shape of the active site so substrate doesn’t fit which affects how the enzyme works Which of these molecules is a protein? Name the 2 kinds of nucleic acids you learned about. DNA and RNA Give an example of a polysaccharide Cellulose, glycogen, starch Proteins that help chemical reactions happen faster enzymes = ___________ Enzymes work by ____________ decreasing the activation energy required to get a chemical reaction started. increasing decreasing Structural polysaccharide used to make plants sturdy cellulose Special kind of nucleotide used by cells to store the energy released from burning glucose. ATP RIBOSE Image by Riedell ↑ Which of these molecules stores genetic info? What ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms is seen in carbohydrates? 1:2:1; 1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1 oxygen What is the chemical formula for water? H2O Give an example of a heterotroph Any animal (including humans), Most bacteria The 3 smaller particles found inside neutrons atoms are ____________, _____________. protons and _____________. electrons Name this reaction http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm dehydration synthesisLosing water to make a bond Name the 4 molecules that are important for all living things Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids Atomic particle with a negative charge electron Name one characteristic of water that makes it important for living cells. Good solvent (lots of substances dissolve in it) Can absorb lots of heat without changing temp (good for homeostasis) Makes hydrogen bonds (water molecules stick together) Participant/product in many chemical reactions (helps metabolism) Electrons orbit the nucleus of an __________ atom at very high speeds in different energy levels. Protons neutrons electrons What kind of electric charge do electrons have? negative MOLECULES that have an uneven pattern of electric charge (more + on one side; more – on the other) are called ______________ polar ATOMS that have gained or lost electrons so that they have an electric ions charge are called ______. HEMOGLOBIN that carries oxygen in your blood, INSULIN that helps cells store sugar, and DIGESTIVE proteins ENZYMES are all _____________. Proteins carbohydrates nucleic acids lipids carbohydrate Glucose is a _______________. Protein carbohydrate nucleic acid lipid Which of these molecules is a phospholipid? Name this reaction http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/images/Hydrolysis.jpg Hydrolysis(adding water to break a bond) Which of these molecules is an amino acid ? Look closely! They all are. Look for the groups on the center carbon: Amino, carboxyl, R Which of the following is TRUE? Simple sugars are made of polysaccharides. F Simple sugars are monosaccharides. Polysaccharides are complex carbo’s made of many sugars. RNA molecules are made of nucleotides. TRUE Amino acids are made of proteins F Proteins are made of amino acids Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are made of glucose. TRUE In polymerization, complex molecules are formed by the joining together of _______________ D. monomers A. macromolecules B. carbohydrates C. polymers D. monomers ↑ Which of these molecules is a nucleotide? Give a function for nucleic acids in cells Store genetic info (DNA) transfer info from DNA to cell (RNA) protein synthesis (RNA) How many different amino acids are used by all living things to make proteins? 20 The subunits that make nucleic acids nucleotides are called _____________ amino acids carbohydrates nucleotides Glucose, sucrose, glycogen, and starch are all examples of ________________. carbohydrates Carbon is an important atom ____________ to living things because it can form bonds with 4 other atoms at once to make chains, rings, and many different kinds of molecules. Name 4 of the 6 atoms important for making molecules used in cells. Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, OR phosphorus Double stranded nucleic acid molecule containing A, T, C, G nitrogen bases found in chromosomes that stores genetic information DNA http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chain polysaccharide Amino acid subunits join together proteins to make _______________ Lipids carbohydrates nucleic acids proteins Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil are used to make Nucleotides _____________________ polysaccharides amino acids nucleotides lipids Name 3 of the many functions of proteins that you learned about Act as enzymes Transport (Help move substances in & out of cells) Help synthesize other proteins (part of ribosomes) Movement (make up cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella) Act as hormones (insulin) Help cells recognize self (glycoproteins) Structural (make cell membranes) Fight germs (antibodies) carry oxygen in blood cells (hemoglobin) control blood sugar (insulin) ↑ Which of these molecules is a carbohydrate? Name a function of carbohydrates in cells. Burn for energy Store energy for later Structural (cellulose makes plants sturdy) Cell ID (part of glycoproteins) Match the building block with the molecule it makes. Proteins nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates Nucleotide and amino acid images by Riedell Nucleic acids ____________________ Proteins ____________________ Carbohydrates ____________________ Glucose from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html What property of carbon allows it to form so many different kinds of molecules? Can join 4 other atoms at same time What are some factors that can influence an enzyme’s activity? Temperature & pH Name one of the properties of water that make it important for living things Its polar so it dissolves many different substances It doesn’t change temperature easily so it helps in homeostasis (maintaining temp) It forms hydrogen bonds so molecules stick together It is an important participant/product in many chemical reactions Tell one way DNA is different from RNA DNA Double stranded Contains A,T,C,G No U sugar = deoxyribose Stores genetic info RNA single stranded Contains A,U,C,G no T sugar = ribosose transfers info from nucleus to out to cell Name the following in the enzyme catalyzed reaction: Image by Riedell enzyme A = ________________ B = ________________ active site C = ________________ substrate enyzme-substrate complex D = ________________ products E = ________________ The subunits made of a nitrogen base, and sugar, and a phosphate group used to make nucleic acids nucleotides Polysaccharide used by animal cells to store glucose for later glycogen http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif Kind of lipid made from carbon and hydrogen joined in rings instead of chains that make up cell membranes and can act as hormones steroids http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm ↑ Which of these molecules is a nucleic acid? Carbohydrate molecule like glucose that is made from only ONE sugar molecule monosaccharide Scale used to measure acidity pH Molecule formed when a substrate bonds to the active site of an enzyme Enzyme-substrate complex Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide #1 #3 #2 nitrogen base (A, T, C, G, or U) #1 = __________________ Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) #2 = __________________ phosphate #3 = __________________ Molecule that is REALLY, REALLY BIG macromolecule Stimulus that comes from inside an organism internal stimulus Neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom neutron Molecule such as glycogen, starch, or cellulose, made by joining many monosaccharide (sugar) molecules together polysaccharide http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg 5 carbon sugar used to make RNA ribose Substances produced during a chemical reaction that are found on the right side of a chemical equation products All the chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes metabolism Organism made of many cells multicellular Molecules found in living things that contain CARBON organic Protein that carries oxygen found in red blood cells hemoglobin Kind of chemical reaction used by cells to join molecules together by removing an H and OH to make a water molecule Dehydration synthesis http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg Small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers monomer Image by Riedell Which of these molecules could be used to make an RNA molecule? The carbohydrate molecule that cells burn to release energy glucose Place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches Active site http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif Double stranded nucleic acid molecule containing A, T, C, G nitrogen bases found in chromosomes that stores genetic information DNA Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chain polysaccharide http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html Which of these molecules is a polysaccharide? Energy required to get a chemical reaction started http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg Activation energy Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy catalyst Protein that acts as a biological catalyst in living things to help chemical reactions happen faster enzyme Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules involving the hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the partially negatively charged atoms in another molecule Hydrogen bonds Images from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html Which of these molecules is an amino acid? Macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, made by joining amino acid subunits protein Molecule with an uneven pattern of electric charges; More + on one side/ more – on the other polar Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg 5 carbon sugar used to make DNA deoxyribose An atom that has gained or lost electrons so it has an electric charge ion Substances on the left side of a chemical equation which react reactants Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O which is a major source of energy for the human body carbohydrate Large molecule made by joining smaller monomer subunits together polymer Image by Riedell Macromolecule made mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes and steroids, which is generally hydrophobic lipid Macromolecule made of nucleotide subunits containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus which stores and transports information in cells and helps in protein synthesis nucleic acid Single stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose and the nitrogen bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil RNA (ribonucleic acid) Subunit used to make proteins made up of a carbon atom attached to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2) , and a variable R group Amino acid Image by Riedell Polysaccharide used by PLANT cells to store glucose for later starch http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid RIBOSE Which of these molecules is used by cells to store and transport energy?