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Transcript
Biochemistry Notes Part 2 Biochemistry: is the study of the molecules that make up living organisms. Organic Chemistry • organic-all substances that contain both C & H Hydrogen Carbon & Organic Compounds • Also called macromolecule • Macro-=large More on Macromolecules • Monomer: single subunit of macromolecules – ONE Lego • Polymer: many subunits combined making a macromolecule – More than ONE Lego Organic Compounds • 4 different types: –Carbohydrates –Lipids –Nucleic Acids –Proteins Organic Compound # 1 • Carbohydrates – composed of C, H, O – usually 2 H for every C – monomer is a monosaccharide – Names end in -ose – energy sources and structure. • quick & primary energy source • Cellulose for a plant cell wall • Important external cell markers • Structurally important in living organisms Carbohydrates saccharide=sugar • monosaccharide-simple sugar – Also called simple sugars – examples: glucose, fructose, ribose in (RNA) + • disaccharide-2 sugars – examples: sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (grain sugar)+ + Carbohydrates saccharide=sugar • polysaccharide-many sugars (long chains) – Important source of nutrition & structure both for quick use and stored energy – examples: starch (plant storage), cellulose (plant structure=fiber), and glycogen (animal storage) + + Starch is made up of many Glucoses Starch Glucose (C6H12O6) Carbohydrate Functions What is a Reaction?????? • A sequence of events where chemicals are changed • Involve reactant(s) product(s) • Reactants “react” to form or produce “products” • Other occur spontaneously and produce energy exergonic • Some reactions NEED energy to occurendergonic How do monomers become polymers? • Dehydration synthesis: synthesis (to build from smalllarge) – also called condensation reaction – when monomers are put together, each bond that is built releases a water molecule • Hydrolysis: -lysis (to break down from largesmall) – water added (water=hydro- ) – this is how monomers are broken apart 1. 2 H’s and a O are removed from the monomers (the smilies are the monomers) 2. Remaining O joins with the two monomers 1. Water molecule is inserted at the O, breaking the O bond Testing for Macromolecules • Different reagents (or indicators) are used to test for macromolecules. • Reagent- a substance used to produce a chemical reaction to detect a specific substances Carb Food Test (#1-Simple Sugar) • • • • Two different types of carb tests!! Reagent—Benedict’s solution Special because it needs to be heated (endergonic) After heating results can be: – Positive test—orange, green, or brown color – Negative test—solution remains blue Carb Food Test (#2-Complex sugar) • Reagent—Iodine • Positive test—blue/black color • Negative test—will stay golden color of iodine Organic Compound #2 • Lipids (Fats) – composed of C, H, O – The monomers of tri or diglycerides are fatty acids(2 or 3) and 1 glycerol – If they are a wax or steroid then they do not have monomers, but are big bulky molecules – store energy, most of cell membrane, insulation, water proofing and cushions organs Lipids • Examples: – Hormones like testosterone and estrogen (steroids) – Waxes-cuticle of a leaf, ear wax – Oils-unsaturated fats in plants – Phospholipids in cell membrane • They are almost always hydrophobic (water=hydro) (fear=phobic) so do not mix with water, also making them nonpolar Lipids • They are almost always hydrophobic (water=hydro) (fear=phobic) so do not mix with water, also making them nonpolar , so • so solubility in water is an identifying test • Brown paper is another test Lipids- Identifying Tests • Solubility • Brown paper Lipids • Some lipids are made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids (triglycerides) What is this called? Lipids • Phospholipids Lipids • saturated: all single bonds between carbons, full of H – usually solid at room temperature • unsaturated: at least one double bond between Cs, not full of H (bends in chain) monounsaturated or polyunsaturated – usually liquid at room temperature Lipid Test • Reagent—brown paper • Positive test—greasy spot translucent • Negative test—dries normally Macromolecule #3 • Proteins – largest group – contains C, H, O, N (S) – Often end in -in – monomers of proteins are amino acids and are bonded together by peptide bonds – made from combinations of 20 amino acids – Used in structural material, enzymes, cell transport, cell structure, & antibodies – Examples: keratin (hair & skin), albumin (egg whites), Hemoglobin (carries O2 in blood), Myosin (muscle) Proteins • All enzymes are special proteins and are vital to all living organisms • Proteins are sensitive to temperature and pH and if exposed to these they can permanently change shape and not work – Denature: the permanently changing shape of a protein causing it not to work • • • • amino + amino=peptide bond 2 amino acids =dipeptide many amino acids=polypeptide proteins can have more than one polypeptide chain Proteins amino acids Protein Food Test • Reagent—Biuret’s solution • Positive test—goes from pale blue to light purple or pinkish in the presence of protein • Negative test— any other than the above Enzymes • Often end in –ase and can be named for what they work on “substrate” • For example- sucrase breaks down sucrose • Work by speeding up reactions by lowering the energy of activation – Activation energy: minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical rxn • All living organisms NEED enzymes! Enzyme vocabulary • Enzymes are specific and reusable! • Substrate= what the enzymes work on • Reusable=are used over and over again • Specific=only work on one substrate How enzymes work: • Enzymes act on substrates at an active site (imagine a flexible lock and key). • Coenzymes are enzyme helpers. Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reactants Reaction pathway with enzyme Products Macromolecule #4 • Nucleic Acids – Contains C, H, O, N, P (phosphorous) – The monomers are nucleotides – Nucleotide structure: 1 pentose sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), 1 phosphate, and 1 nitrogen base Monomer of Nucleic Acids • Nucleotide Macromolecule #4 • Nucleic Acids – Examples: Both found in the cell • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)genetic code ->heredity information in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells or center of prokaryotic cells • RNA (ribonucleic acid)-carries out genetic code of DNA, found throughout the all cells Nitrogen bases • In DNAAdenine, thymine, cytosine & guanine • In RNA Adenine, uracil, cytosine & guanine DNA RNA Name These Tests/Reagents Recap ORGANIC Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Monosaccharide Fatty acids & glycerol Amino acids Nucleotides which contain which contain which contain which contain CHON CHONP CHO CHO