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Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy -Get handout – ½ sheet -Tomorrow -Lab notebooks due -Mercer’s room -Transport – Tomorrow End times - 7th – 2:40 - 8th – 3:10 -Test info -AVG = 11.6 (out of 18) -Range = 4 – 18 -Test corrections due - Thursday -Most missed questions -A B 8 1 7 9 12 7 -Learning log quality has declined Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules 1. What are carbohydrates & what are they made of? – – Sugars Made of monosaccharides • • • • CH20 Sugars end in -ose Nutrient for cells (1° glucose) Carbon skeleton is used for other organic molecules Figure 5.3 Examples of monosaccharides Triose sugars Pentose sugars (C3H6O3) (C5H10O5) H O H Aldoses C O H O C C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH HO C H C OH H H C OH H H H H C H C OH H HO C H C OH HO C H H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H H Glucose Galactose H C OH H C O H C OH H C OH C O O C OH H C OH HO H H C OH H C OH Dihydroxyacetone H C OH H C OH H H C OH H Ribulose O C H Ribose Ketoses H C Glyceraldehyde Figure 5.3 Hexose sugars (C6H12O6) C H H Fructose Figure 5.4 Linear & ring forms of glucose O H 1C H HO 2 3 C 6CH OH C H H C 5 5C H H 4 H 2OH 6 C H OH 4C OH OH OH O 3 C H 2C 2OH 5C H H OH C 6CH O H H 4C 1C CH2OH O OH H OH 3C 6 H 1C H 2C 4 HO H OH 3 OH H H 1 2 OH OH H H O 5 OH OH H Figure 5.4 (a) Linear and ring forms. Chemical equilibrium between the linear and ring structures greatly favors the formation of rings. To form the glucose ring, carbon 1 bonds to the oxygen attached to carbon 5. Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules 1. 2. What are carbohydrates & what are they made of? How are monomers added to carbs? (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose. The bonding of two glucose units forms maltose. The glycosidic link joins the number 1 carbon of one glucose to the number 4 carbon of the second glucose. Joining the glucose monomers in a different way would result in a different disaccharide. CH2OH CH2OH H O H OH H HO H H H OH HO O H OH H OH H OH CH2OH H OHOH H O H OH H HO CH2OH H 1–4 1 glycosidic linkage Glucose 4 O H OH H H H OH Maltose H OH O H2O Glucose H OH Students - Get Learning logs - Sit with lab groups….thank you - Lab notebooks - Share transformation efficiencies – page 51 - Stack under ugly blue flag - Transport today - I may scream today……just sayin…. - Phones in bin…muted or off…please & thank you Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules 1. 2. 3. What are carbohydrates & what are they made of? How are monomers added to carbs? What are polysaccharides used for? – Energy storage • • – Starch – plants Glycogen – animals Structural support • • Cellulose Chitin Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Chloroplast Starch Mitochondria Glycogen granules 0.5 m 1 m Amylose Amylopectin (a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide Glycogen (b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide H H 4 CH2O H O H OH H H OH HO H OH glucose (a) O CH2O H O H OH H C H C OH H HO C H 4 H C OH H C OH H C OH OH 1 HO H H OH glucose and glucose ring structures CH2O H O CH2O H O HO 4 1 OH O CH2O H O HO (c) Cellulose: 1– 4 linkage of glucose monomers 1 OH 4 OH O CH2O H 1 OH O 4 OH O OH OH O OH CH2O H O O 1 OH OH OH O OH 4 O OH OH (b) Starch: 1– 4 linkage of glucose monomers 1 OH CH2O H O CH2O H O OH O CH2O H OH 4. Why do we poop corn? -our digestive enzymes don’t recognize the β14 linkage, only the α14 linkage -structure fits function Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall Cell walls Microfibril About 80 cellulose molecules associate to form a microfibril, the main architectural unit of the plant cell wall. 0.5 m Plant cells OH CH2OH OH CH2OH O O O O OH OH OH OH O O O O O CH OH OH CH2OH 2 OH Parallel cellulose molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms 3 and 6. CH2OH OH CH2OH OH O O O O OH OH OH OH O O O O O OH CH2OH OH CH2OH CH2OH OH OH CH2OH O O O O OH OH OH O O OH O O O CH OH OH CH OH 2 2OH Glucose Figure 5.8 Cellulose monomer Cellulose molecules A cellulose molecule is an unbranched glucose polymer. Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules H OH CH2OH O OH H OH H H H NH C O CH3 (a) The structure of the chitin monomer. (b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. This cicada is molting, shedding its old exoskeleton and emerging in adult form. (c) Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical thread that decomposes after the wound or incision heals. Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 5. Why is respiration important? - Consumption of food & oxygen to produce CO2, water & energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP + heat) Light energy ECOSYSTEM CO2 + H2O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Organic + O2 Cellular molecules respiration in mitochondria ATP powers most cellular work Heat energy Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 5. Why is respiration important? - Consumption of food & oxygen to produce CO2, water & energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP + heat) Exergonic rxn releases -686 kcal/mol using redox rxns All foods can be metabolized as fuel (carbs, proteins, fats,) Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 5. Why is respiration important? 6. What are redox rxns? - Reduction & oxidation LEO says GER Loss of Electrons – Oxidation : Gain of Electrons – Reduction ┌----oxidation-----┐ C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP + heat) └----reduction----┘ Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 5. Why is respiration important? 6. What are redox rxns? 7. What are the 3 main steps of respiration? - Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Oxidative Phosphorylation - Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Chemiosmosis Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 Citric acid cycle Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Mitochondrion ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Oxidative phosphorylation Students - Turn in test corrections in the order below - Test - 2 half sheets - Corrections - Place in box under ugly flag - 7th & 8th period – we MUST stay more focused - Phones in bin….off or muted…please & thank you Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 5. Why is respiration important? 6. What are redox rxns? 7. What are the 3 main steps of respiration? 8. What happens during glycolysis? - Glucose is split in the cytosol 10 steps NO oxygen needed Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Glycolysis ATP Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation ATP ATP Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP used 4 ATP formed Energy payoff phase 4 ADP + 4 P 2 NAD+ + 4 e- + 4 H + 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H + 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O 2 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H+ Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? What are the 3 main steps of respiration? What happens during glycolysis? How is the ATP made in glycolysis? - Substrate-level phosphorylation – ATP produced from the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP ATP made one at a time Enzyme Enzyme ADP P Substrate + Product ATP Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 5. Why is respiration important? 6. What are redox rxns? 7. What are the 3 main steps of respiration? 8. What happens during glycolysis? 9. How is the ATP made? 10. How do electrons get from glucose to O2? - NAD+ - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Coenzyme (derived from niacin, a vitamin) Accepts 2 e- and a H+ Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 2 e– + 2 H+ NAD+ Dehydrogenase O NH2 H C CH2 O O– O O P O H – O P O HO O N+ Nicotinamide (oxidized form) H OH HO CH2 NH2 N N H O H HO N H OH N 2 e– + H+ H Reduction of NAD+ + 2[H] (from food) Oxidation of NADH NADH H O C H N H+ NH2 Nicotinamide (reduced form) + H+ Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 5. Why is respiration important? 6. What are redox rxns? 5. What are the 3 main steps of respiration? 7. What happens during glycolysis? 8. How is the ATP made? 9. How do electrons get from glucose to O2? 10. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? - Active transport across double membrane 3 step process Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION NAD+ NADH + H+ O– S CoA C O 2 C C O O 1 3 CH3 Pyruvate Transport protein CH3 Acetyl CoA CO2 Coenzyme A Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 5. Why is respiration important? 6. What are redox rxns? 7. What are the 3 main steps of respiration? 8. What happens during glycolysis? 9. How is the ATP made? 10. How do electrons get from glucose to O2? 11. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? 12. What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? - Mitochondrial matrix 8 steps Spins 2X per glucose (1X for each pyruvate) Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Pyruvate (from glycolysis, 2 molecules per glucose) Glycolysis Citric acid cycle ATP ATP Oxidative phosphorylation ATP CO2 NAD+ CoA NADH + H+ Acetyl CoA CoA CoA Citric acid cycle 2 CO2 3 NAD+ FADH2 FAD 3 NADH + 3 H+ ADP + P i ATP Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 5. Why is respiration important? 6. What are redox rxns? 7. What are the 3 main steps of respiration? 8. What happens during glycolysis? 9. How is the ATP made? 10. How do electrons get from glucose to O2? 11. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? 12. What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? 13. How many ATP so far? - 4 total, 2 from glycolysis & 2 from Krebs Cycle ALL from substrate-level phosphorylation Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 5. Why is respiration important? 6. What are redox rxns? 7. What are the 3 main steps of respiration? 8. What happens during glycolysis? 9. How is the ATP made? 10. How do electrons get from glucose to O2? 11. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? 12. What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? 13. How many ATP so far? 14. How many electron carriers so far? - 10 NADH - 2 FADH2 Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 5. Why is respiration important? 6. What are redox rxns? 7. What are the 3 main steps of respiration? 8. What happens during glycolysis? 9. How is the ATP made? 10. How do electrons get from glucose to O2? 11. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? 12. What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? 13. How many ATP so far? 14. How many electron carriers so far? 15. What happens during electron transport? - redox rxns in inner mitochondrial membrane - electrons flow from electron carriers to electronegative O2 - electron carriers “break the fall” 16. Why do electron carriers NEED to “break the fall?” Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy H2 + 1/2 O2 2H /2 O2 1 + (from food via NADH) Explosive release of heat and light energy ATP Free energy, G Free energy, G 2 H+ + 2 e– Controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP ATP ATP 2 e– /2 O2 1 2 H+ H2O (a) Uncontrolled reaction H2O (b) Cellular respiration Figure 9.13 Free-energy change during electron transport Glycolysis Citirc acid cycle ATP ATP Oxidative phosphorylation -Redox reactions between each carrier -Each carrier is more electronegative than the previous one -O2 is the final electron acceptor -Protons are pumped to the inner membrane space ATP NADH 50 Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcl/mol) FADH2 40 FMN I Fe•S O Cyt b 30 20 Multiprotein complexes FAD Fe•S II III Fe•S Cyt c1 Cyt c IV Cyt a Cyt a3 10 0 2H++ 2 O 2 1 H2O Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 5. Why is respiration important? 6. What are redox rxns? 7. What are the 3 main steps of respiration? 8. What happens during glycolysis? 9. How is the ATP made? 10. How do electrons get from glucose to O2? 11. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? 12. What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? 13. How many ATP so far? 14. How many electron carriers so far? 15. What happens during electron transport? 16. Why do electrons NEED to “break the fall?” 17. How is ATP made during chemiosmosis? Figure 9.14 ATP synthase, a molecular mill INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ A rotor within the membrane spins clockwise when H+ flows past it down the H+ gradient. A stator anchored in the membrane holds the knob stationary. H+ ADP + Pi MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX ATP A rod (or “stalk”) extending into the knob also spins, activating catalytic sites in the knob. Three catalytic sites in the stationary knob join inorganic Phosphate to ADP to make ATP. Students - Straggling test corrections – turned in - Test - 2 half sheets - Corrections - Stapled & in the box - Bozeman videos - Photosynthesis & respiration – 13 - Biological molecules – 42 - Phones in bin…muted or off…please & thank you Figure 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis Glycolysis ATP Citirc acid cycle ATP Inner Mitochondrial membrane Oxidative phosphorylation electron transport and chemiosmosis ATP H+ H+ H+ Intermembrane space Protein complex of electron carners Q I IV III Inner mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase II FADH2 NADH Mitochondrial matrix H+ Cyt c NAD+ FAD+ 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O ADP + (Carrying electrons from food) ATP Pi H+ Chemiosmosis Electron transport chain Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), ATP synthesis powered by the flow which create an H+ gradient across the membrane Of H+ back across the membrane Oxidative phosphorylation 1 NADH = 2.5 ATP 1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP Figure 9.16 ATP yield per molecule of glucose at each stage of cellular respiration Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 5. Why is respiration important? 6. What are redox rxns? 7. What are the 3 main steps of respiration? 8. What happens during glycolysis? 9. How is the ATP made? 10. How do electrons get from glucose to O2? 11. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? 12. What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? 13. How many ATP so far? 14. How many electron carriers so far? 15. What happens during electron transport? 16. Why do electrons NEED to “break the fall?” 17. How is ATP made during chemiosmosis? 18. What happens when there is no O2? - anaerobic respiration (fermentation) Figure 9.18 Pyruvate as a key juncture in catabolism Glucose CYTOSOL Pyruvate No O2 present Fermentation O2 present Cellular respiration MITOCHONDRION Ethanol or lactate Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Figure 9.17 Fermentation 2 ADP + 2 Glucose 2 ATP Pi Glycolysis O– C O C O CH3 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH +2 H+ 2 NAD+ H 2 CO2 H H C OH C CH3 O CH3 2 Acetaldehyde 2 Ethanol (a) Alcohol fermentation 2 ADP + 2 Glucose P i Glycolysis 2 NAD+ O C O H C 2 ATP OH CH3 2 Lactate (b) Lactic acid fermentation 2 NADH O– C O C O CH3 2 Pyruvate Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 5. Why is respiration important? 6. What are redox rxns? 7. What are the 3 main steps of respiration? 8. What happens during glycolysis? 9. How is the ATP made? 10. How do electrons get from glucose to O2? 11. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? 12. What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? 13. How many ATP so far? 14. How many electron carriers so far? 15. What happens during electron transport? 16. Why do electrons NEED to “break the fall?” 17. How is ATP made during chemiosmosis? 18. What happens when there is no O2? 19. How do the other foods we eat get catabolized? Figure 9.19 The catabolism of various molecules from food Proteins Carbohydrates Amino acids Sugars Glycolysis Glucose Glyceraldehyde-3- P NH3 Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Fats Glycerol Fats - Even numbered fatty acid chains Fatty acids - Beta oxidation – catabolized to 2-carbon units Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 5. Why is respiration important? 6. What are redox rxns? 7. What are the 3 main steps of respiration? 8. What happens during glycolysis? 9. How is the ATP made? 10. How do electrons get from glucose to O2? 11. How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? 12. What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? 13. How many ATP so far? 14. How many electron carriers so far? 15. What happens during electron transport? 16. Why do electrons NEED to “break the fall?” 17. How is ATP made during chemiosmosis? 18. What happens when there is no O2? 19. How do the other foods we eat get catabolized? 20. How is cellular respiration controlled? Figure 9.20 The control of cellular respiration Glucose AMP Glycolysis Fructose-6-phosphate – Inhibits Stimulates -Allosteric + Phosphofructokinase – Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Inhibits Pyruvate Citrate ATP Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation regulation of PFK Phosphofructokinase -ATP & Citrate allosteric inhibitors -AMP allosteric activator Story time Glucose Respiration Students…please get: - ½ sheet handout - Learning logs from 1st table -Turn in “Respiration Stories” to box -Transport - TODAY Respiration Pictographs Today you will construct pictographs on the topics listed below. Your groups will create this pictograph using a fun & creative example to tell the story of the process. Your pictograph will include where each process occurs, who the main players are, and what their role is. Then EACH of you will write a paragraph indicating how each of your symbols from the pictograph represents the biology of the process. You will present these pictographs tomorrow. Topics: Glycolysis (Figure 9.8) Citric Acid Cycle (Figure 9.11) Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron Transport (Fig. 9.13 & 9.15) Oxidative Phosphorylation: Chemiosmosis (Figure 9.14 & 9.15) Anaerobic respiration (Figure 9.17) Announcements -Transport – today – all day & 4:30 -Pre-Lab – tomorrow -Lab 5: Cellular Respiration -Using mealworms instead of peas -Get lab notebook -Checked for “turned in” -Content check later -If I have jury duty -1st, 4th, & 7th periods – meet in Mr. Mercer’s room -2nd & 3rd – meet in Media Center -Absent 1 -Sarah M. -David -Katherine 2 Jillian 4 Autumn 7 Jamese