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ATOMS • • • • Nucleus contains protons and neutrons Proton (+ charge) Neutron (no charge) Electron (- charge) travel around nucleus Atomic weight - Atomic. number = Neutrons Atomic weight = # protons +# neutrons Each element has different # of protons(atomic number) ISOTOPES • Atoms of the same element, but with different # of neutrons ( different weights) • Some radioactive • C dating (14C) Compounds • Substance composed of 2 or more atoms • Stay together with bonds • 2 types a. Covalent b. Ionic Chemical Reactions • Bonds broken and formed between compounds • Metabolism • Reactant + Reactant Product • Reactants must equal products ex. Mg + 2Cl = MgCl2 • Mixture- combination of substances which retain their own properties ex. Sand and sugar (no bonds broken) • Solution- solute (solid) evenly distributed in solvent (liquid) ex. Koolaid and water Gatorade and water ACIDS AND BASES • pH- measure of [H+] ions • 0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14 acid neutral base Acid- forms [H+] ions ex. HCl- hydrochloric acid Base- forms [OH-] ions ex. KOH- Potassium Hydroxide WATER • Most important substance • 70-90% of most organisms • Unique properties • Polar Covalent molecule Oxygen keeps electrons closer and Hydrogen has electrons farther away Causes O to have – charge H has + charge Amazing Water • Polar molecule- sticks to itself (b/c of charged molecule (cohesion and adhesion) • Forms H bonds between 2 water molecules • Resists temperature change- requires more heat to raise 1 g/1°C (High Specific Heat) • Sticks to itself-cohesion • Sticks to other things- adhesion • Expands when it freezes-makes it float, which makes ice’s density <1 Life Substances • CARBON- organic • C has 4 outer electrons- can make 4 strong covalent bonds • Can form Single,double, triple bonds • Can form chains, branched chains and rings • Mono-(1), di- (2) • Polymer-large molecule made of many small molecules(called a monomer) Carbon • C-C • C=C • C= C Polymerization • When several monomers are joined together to form a polymer. Polymers can have as many as 2-2000 monomers . • Every Carbohydrate, lipid, protein and nucleic acid is a polymer or macromolecule. Each of their monomers are different from the others’ monomers. • Ex- Protein monomer- amino acid Carbohydrate monomer- monosaccharide CARBOHYDRATE Sugars and Starch • • • • Quick energy compound Biomolecule COH2 (simple formula) Monosaccharide- simple sugar- glucose Disaccharide- 2 sugars glucose +fructose= sucrose • Polysaccharide- Starch, Glycogen( energy storage) Cellulose ISOMER same formula, different structure glucose and galactose C6H12O6 Dehydration synthesis • How are 2 monomers joined together? • A water molecule is pulled out from the 2 monomers: 1 gives up an H, the other an OH Called dehydration synthesis Polysaccarides • Formed when there is an excess of glucose. Glucose is the body’s raw material needed to make energy. Plants get their glucose through photosynthesis. Animals get theirs through food. • Plants store their excess glucose as starch or cellulose. Cellulose is used to make cell walls. (we can’t digest cellulose) • Animals store their excess glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells Hydrolysis • When glucose levels are low plants and animals can use their stored glucose but first they must break the polymer up into the monomer glucose. • This requires the reverse reaction of dehydration synthesis. Instead of pulling out a water molecule, a water molecule is added to break the bond. • One monomer will get the H, the other the OH Hydrolysis LIPIDS • Fats, oils, waxes, steroids • Insoluble in water (oil and Water don’t mix) • Made of 4 smaller molecules:a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains(Dehydration synthesis) • Nonpolar • Energy storage, coatings Monomer lipid has 2 parts • 3 fatty acid chains which are composed of a long chain of carbons with H atoms • Glycerol molecule which is an organic alcohol that is attached to the 3FA through a DH synthesis reaction. LIPIDS 3 different kinds of Fatty Acids • Saturated • Unsaturated • Polyunsaturated Saturated Fats • Fatty acid chain has all single bonded carbons. All other bonds have H’s attached • Unhealthy for us. • Since all the bonds are single the molecule has little flexibility • Sat. Fats are solid at room temperature. Ex.Butter Unsaturated Fats • Have at least 1 double bond • More flexible • Ex. Margarine- easier to spread than butter due to the double bonds • Better for us Polyunsaturated Fats Fatty acid chains have many double bonds. Liquid at room temp. Ex. –Oil Better for us. Over time saturated and unsaturated fats can build up on the walls of our arteries and can lead to heart disease.(Plaque) Other uses for fats • Sterols- special lipids that act as chemical messengers. Ex. Cholesterol. • Phospholipids- found as part of cell membranes. Regulates passage of material in and out of cell. These are unique because a portion of the molecule is hydrophobic(the fatty end) and the other is hydrophilic(the phosphate end) PROTEINS • Large macromolecules • Basic building material for all cell structures • Provide structure for tissues and organs to carry out metabolism • Contains N • Involved in muscle contraction, transporting oxygen, enzymes AMINO ACIDS • Building block of all proteins(20 AA) • AA join by making peptide bondloss of H2O H----OH • Make all thousands of proteins 3 parts of Amino Acid • Amino group- NH2 • Carboxyl group-COOH • R group- R groups are different for each of the 20 amino acids. Amino Acid • The smallest protein is a di peptide which consists of 2 amino acids linked together by a peptide bond. • Polypeptide: long chain of amino acids bonded by peptide bonds Peptide bond Quaternary structure of Proteins • • • • 1- sequence of amino acids 2- bending and coiling 3-Folds in on itself 4-Binds with other proteins Uses for proteins • • • • Construct many parts of the cell As hormones such as insulin Transport oxygen-hemoglobin Special proteins called ENZYMES-these speed up reactions in the body so they happen quickly. Enzymes • Every chemical reaction must be started or ignited with ACTIVATION ENERGY. • In most chemical reactions this AE is in the form of heat • This heat energy moves the reactants called SUBSTRATES around causing them to bump into each other. • In the body, heat can’t be used as AE because it would harm the body. • We need a different AE-called ENZYMES • Enzymes join with substrates and bring them together. • This happens at the enzymes active site. • Enzymes do their job and then move on to next reaction. • They do not become part of the product. • They remain unchanged. • Enzymes are SUBSTRATE SPECIFIC: there is a specific enzyme for each substrate. They must fit perfectly like a “lock and key” ENZYMES • Speed up rxns • Depends on temp, concentration, pH • Substrate specific • Lock and key • No change to enzyme • Most End in ase (lactase breaks down lactose) • 1000’s of reactions every minute • Enzymes are needed to start these reactions • Some disease where individual doesn’t make a certain enzyme. Can be fatal. Example ; Tay Sachs-missing enzyme that breaks down fats in the brain. These fats accumulate and cause death by age 5. NUCLEIC ACIDS • Building block of DNA and RNA-transmit genetic information. • Made of Monomers called nucleotides put together in a dehydration synthesis reaction. • 3 Parts: Sugar phosphate and base Nucleotide structure Phosphate Base Sugar Nucleotide • 5 carbon sugar DNA has deoxyribose RNA has ribose • Phosphate group • Nitrogenous base(Adenine-Thymine) (Guanine –Cytosine) (Uracil replaces thymine in RNA) DNA-double stranded,RNA single RNA • RNA- template for making proteins