Download Honors Biology 11/9

Honors Biology
11/9
Journal Question- Draw the bonding of
the molecule CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CWReview Bonding / Check Homework
Carbon- The Universal Element Notes
Homework -
Formula:
CO2
C2H6
C3H6
Full Atomic Drawing:
Stick Model:
O=C=O
6 Most Common Elements
SPONCH
Sulfur
Phosphorous
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
What makes Carbon so “special” when
we’re talking about bonding?
Carbon Bonding
Carbon has four electrons in its valance shell.
Carbon can make four covalent bonds, becoming
stable .
Carbon bonds easily with other carbon atoms.
Carbon atoms bond to each other to form strait chains,
branched chains and rings.
Large Carbon Molecules
Large carbon molecules are made up of repeating
units of simpler carbon molecules called
monomers.
Mono = one
Polymers are molecules made up of linked
monomers.
Macromolecules are large polymers
4 types of Macromolecules
Monomers
Polymer
Covalent bond
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
Dehydration Synthesis
Dehydration Synthesis - making
something while losing water
Lyses = To break
What does hydrolysis mean?
To break with water!
Hydrolysis
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/bioprop/monomers.html
4 Major Macromolecule Types
Carbohydrates Monosaccharide , disaccharide,
polysaccharide
Lipids - fats
Proteins - Made up of amino acids (20
different amino acids)
Nucleic Acids - made up of nucleotides
Example: DNA, RNA, ATP
http://unitedstreaming.oakland.k12.mi.u
s//12354//chp899193_256.mov
http://health.discovery.com/videos/body
-invaders-teen-obesity-anddiabetes.html
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/bioprop/monomers.html
Honors Biology
Journal Question Yesterday we discussed breaking down macromolecules.
Why is the breakdown of these macromolecules important?
CW Go over homework
Overview of the 4 major macromolecules
Video - Human Body
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/bi
ocoach/bioprop/monomers.html
Nucleotides
ATP
RNA
DNA
Lipids
Long Term Energy
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Honors Biology
Journal Question –Our sugar (glucose)
reserves is stored in what form?
CWFinish Function Notes
Carbohydrate Demos
Carbohydrate Notes
Carbohydrates
“Hydrogenated Carbons”
Carbons
Hydrogens
Oxygens
1:2:1
Simple sugars :1 or 2 saccharides units
Complex sugars: 2+ saccharides
4 Calories per Gram
Good sources of energy- Bonds store lots of energy!
(bonds pulled apart & releases energy!)
Carbohydrate
ALDEHYDE
Double Bond=2 shared
pair of electrons
Single Bond=1 shared
pair of electrons
HYDROXYL
C6H12O6
Each Carbon MUST make 4
bonds, each Oxygen 2
bonds, and each Hydrogen
only 1 bond
The top carbon (#1) joins
with this oxygen to make
glucose a ring. The
double bond at the top
becomes a single bond.
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides
Monosaccharide- one simple sugar molecule. The building
blocks of carbohydrates (monomers).
Examples:
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Alternate OH
5 Carbon Ring Not Alternate OH
Carbohydrates: disaccharides
Disaccharides are formed when two simple sugar
monomers are joined by a covalent bond.
Examples:
How do you think these
monosaccharides are linked together?
Dehydration synthesis is right!
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
Glycosidic Bonds
Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are formed when multiple simple sugar
monomers are joined by covalent bonds.
Polymer = Macromolecule
Polysaccharides = macromolecule
Examples:
Amylose
Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
Storage
Starch- 100’s monomers long
(amylose) is used for food storage in
plants and is easily digested by
humans.
Humans: breakdown starch into
glucose molecules. Store as
glycogen.
Sugars oriented in same direction
Glycogen
found in the Liver and muscles
used for food (energy) storage in
animals. Forms energy reserves
quickly to meet need for glucose
Glucose chain is branched or "forked"
Structure
Cellulose is a long (100's) polymer of Glucose molecules.
However the orientation of the sugars is a little different.
In Cellulose, every other sugar molecule is "upside-down".
Help with structure in plant cell wall.
Humans can’t digest; Fiber. Cows & termites can.
Chitin- In exoskeleton of arthropods (crabs, lobster)
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates can be broken back down by
enzymes (breakdown = hydrolyze)
ASE= ENZYMES
Example: Lactose is broken down by the lactase
enzyme
Amylose is broken down by amalyase
Honors Biology
Journal Question - C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 yeilds
what product? (Give the reactants)
Class work Mystery milk
Check homework / discuss carbohydrates
Lipid notes
Homework - Lipid worksheet
Honors Biology 11/13
Journal- What is the difference between
saturated and unsaturated fats? Which one is
the “bad” kind?
CWLipids!
Lipid Demos!!!
Lipid Worksheet
Homework- Finish Lipid worksheet
Lipids
Types of lipids:
1.Fatty Acid
2.Triglyceride
3. Phospholipids
4. Steroids
5. Waxes
Lipids have the most energy!
9 calories per gram
Long term energy storage
Non Polar Molecule = Repel Water
Remember: Like dissolves like
Fatty Acid
Carboxyl
Fatty Acid
Long hydrocarbon with a carboxyl group
When all the Carbons in the fatty acid tail
are FULL of Hydrogen the tail is SATURATED.
Structure- Fatty Acid chain with a carboxly group
Function: Provide essential nutrients
Triglyceride
Hydroxyl
Carboxyl
When all the Carbons in the
fatty acid tail are FULL of
Hydrogen the tail is
SATURATED.
Fatty Acid
Long hydrocarbon with a carboxyl group
The Hydroxyl group of the Glycerol and the
Carboxyl group of the Fatty acid join by
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS - a water
molecule is formed as the two join
This happens 3 times to form a Triglyceride
The Hydroxyl
from the glycerol
and part of the
Carboxyl from
the fatty acid
DEHYDRATE
and combine.
3 water
molecules are
produced
Triglyceride
Structure: 3 Fatty acids attached to a glycerol
Function: Good source of energy, helps cushion organs
Saturated : Think Solids
No double bond between
carbons
Unsaturated: Think liquids
Double bond between carbons = Unsaturated
Makes the fat have “kinks”
Because of their many double bonds,
unsaturated fats are bent or kinked.
This allows them to not fit together
so well and usually remain the liquid
form.
They do not easily stick together or to
the inside of our arteries.
Saturated Fats have no
bends or kinks so they fit
together very well. This is a
problem because they can
do this inside of our arteries
and clog them.
Butter or Oil? Saturated or
Unsaturated?
OMEGA END
OF THE FATTY
ACID
This is an OMEGA-3 Fatty Acid
The third carbon on the Omega End has a double
bond.
These fatty acids are proving to be beneficial to
those with cardiovascular disease and can help
reduce the chance of further damage.
Phospholipid
Phospholipid
Structure:
Hydrophillic head (water loving)
Hydrophobic tail (fatty acids) (water repelling)
Function:
Makes this a good component of cell membrane
The lipid bilayer is the barrier that keeps ions/proteins/
molecules where they need to be
Waxes
Structure: Alcohol (OH group) + Fatty
acid Chain
Function: Waxes are found in nature as
coatings on leaves and stems.
The wax prevents the plant from losing
excessive amounts of water.
Steroids
Structure- composed of four carbon
rings
Function:
They have multiple functions including
membrane fluidity, sexual reproduction,
blood volume
Ex: Cholesterol, testosterone,
progesterone
Honors Biology 11/16
Journal Question - If you leave an oil
based dressing long enough, the water
and oil separate out. Why does this
happen?
CWTurn In Calendars!
Check Lipid homework
Carbohydrate Review
Proteins!!!
Protein handout
Protein
Structure:
Proteins are made up of amino acids
20 Standard Amino Acids
Polypeptides are chains of amino acids.
Proteins are made up of one or more
polypeptide molecules
Composed of N, O, C, H
Function
Proteins may have many many different
functions
The structure of the protein determines its
function
Proteins
Examples
muscle
insulin
skin, hair, fingernails, claws
collagen, keratin
pepsin
pepsin
digestive enzyme
in stomach
insulin
hormone that controls blood
sugar levels
collagen (skin)
Functions:

many, many functions
hormones
signals from one body system to another
insulin
movement
muscle
immune system
protect against germs
enzymes
help chemical reactions
Amino Acids are
bonded together by
Peptide Bonds
Structure
Building block =
amino acids
amino amino amino amino amino
acid – acid – acid – acid – acid

20 different amino acids
H O
H
| ||
—N—
—C—C—OH
|
H variable
group
Basic Structure of an Amino Acid
The letter R is a variable. It can
be one of 20 different things to
make each of the amino acids!
The 20 amino acids are to the
right. Each green circled “R”
group makes them unique.
Levels of protein structure
▪Primary structure - the amino acid sequence of the peptide chains
Secondary structure is the ordered arrangement
or conformation of amino acids in regions of a polypeptide
three-dimensional structure of a single protein molecule;
complex of several protein molecules or polypeptide chains
For proteins: SHAPE matters!
Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape
that’s what happens in the cell!
Different shapes = different jobs
growth
hormone
hemoglobin
pepsin
collagen
Honors Biology 11/17
Journal Question - Why is a proteins shape
so important?
CWCheck protein homework
Protein Demo
Enzymes
Enzyme Demo
Homework Finish Enzyme Questions
What is an enzyme?
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze
a reaction
Catalyze = to increase the rate
Enzymes take substrates and convert
them into products
Nearly all biological cells need
enzymes for reactions
How do they work?
Lock and key model
Enzymes only work on certain substrates. They
have to “fit”
Why do we need them?
They speed up reactions
Enzymes make reactions occur a million
times faster than they normally would!
Cells need reactions to happen… They
can’t wait around!
Maintain internal balance
Enzymes work by lower the activation
energy
Activation energy= energy that must be
overcome for a reaction to occur
Denaturing
Most enzymes can be denatured
Denatured =unfolded & changing shape
This can happen by heating or changing
the chemicals the protein is in
This disrupts the 3D of the protein.
Depending on the enzyme, denaturation
may be reversible or irreversible.
Competitive Inhibition
Something blocks enzyme from
attaching to substrate
When you apply heat, you agitate those placidly drifting
egg-white proteins, bouncing them around. They slam
into the surrounding water molecules; they bash into
each other. All this bashing about breaks the weak
bonds that kept the protein curled up. The egg proteins
uncurl and bump into other proteins that have also
uncurled. New chemical bonds form傭ut rather than
binding the protein to itself, these bonds connect one
protein to another. After enough of this bashing and
bonding, the solitary egg proteins are solitary no
longer. They致e formed a network of interconnected
proteins. The water in which the proteins once floated
is captured and held in the protein web. If you leave
the eggs at a high temperature too long, too many
bonds form and the egg white becomes rubbery.
Honors Biology 11/19
Journal Question - Why does an athlete eat a
lot of pasta the night before a game?
CW
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids Questions
Review - Test on TUESDAY
Homework - Finish Review Worksheet
Nucleic Acids
Function:
genetic material
stores information in genes
blueprint for building proteins
DNA --> RNA --> proteins
transfers information
blueprint for new cells
blueprint for next generation
DNA
proteins
Genes (DNA)
are needed
to run bodies every day…
to make you and me…
to make new cells…
to make babies!
G
C
T
A
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
T
A
Nucleic acids are composed of units
called nucleotides
Each nucleotide contains a base, a
sugar, and a phosphate(s) group.
bases of DNA are adenine, guanine,
cytosine, and thymine
DNA Structure
Nucleotides come together in such a
way to form a double helix (double
stranded)
sugar
N base
sugar
N base
phosphate
phosphate
DNA is a…
Nucleic Acid that contains the genetic
instructions used in the development
and functioning of all known living
organisms ( & some viruses)
The main role of DNA molecules is the
long-term storage of information.
DNA is often compared to a set of
blueprints or a recipe.
RNA
Before protein can be synthesized, the
instructions in DNA must first be copied to
another type of nucleic acid called
messenger RNA.
ATP
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a
nucleotide that is used in energetic
reactions for temporary energy
storage
Aka energy currency of the cell
Honors Biology 11/20
Journal Question - What happens if an
enzyme changes shape?
CW
Pre-lab Safety / Introduction
Lab
Lab debrief
Homework - Post lab questions
Lab Tests
Biurets test
Tests presence of peptide bonds
Proteins!
10 drops of Biurets + 1 squeeze of
unknown.
Positive test for proteins is pink/purple
Benedicts Test
Saccharide (Simple Sugars)
10 drops of Benedict’s + 1 squeeze of unknown.
Heat in a test tube for 90 seconds.
Positive saccharide test = orange
Saccharides generally end in “ose”
Tests only for simple carbohydrates - only mono
and two disaccahrides (lactose and maltose)
+
-
Iodine Test
Starch Test - Polysaccharide
10 drops of Iodine + 1 squeeze of
unknown. A positive starch test =
Black
BE VERY CAREFUL
Glass can be HOT and you can’t tell
These chemicals can burn you
WEAR SAFETY GOGGLES AT ALL
TIMES
Honors Biology 11/23
Journal Question saccharides are to carbohydrates as
_________ are to nucleic acids.
CW
Review Game
Review for Biochem. test
Homework Finish Reviews
Study!!!!