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Organic/BioChemistry Inorganic vs. Organic Inorganic chemistry: • compound which usually does not contain carbon AND hydrogen –Ex. O3, NaCl, H2O, CO2 Inorganic Chemistry: • Compounds that do not need to contain: –Carbon: C AND –Hydrogen: H Biochemical Compounds A.K.A Organic chemistry: • compounds usually found in Living or once living organisms • contains both Carbon and Hydrogen • other elements found in living things are: C, H, O, N, Phosphorous • Carbon = “element of LIFE” Carbon: The element of LIFE Biochemical Compounds Types of Organic Compounds found in all living things include: 1. Carbohydrates KNOW 2. Lipids THESE!!! 3. ProteiNs 4. Nucleic Acids Organic Chemistry: • Organic Compounds (Carbs, lipids, Nucleic Acids, and Proteins) are chemically bonded together or broken down by: – Dehydration Synthesis: – Hydrolysis: Dehydration Synthesis: • process of joining (bonding) molecules to form large molecules called: MACROMOLECULES • macromolecules are formed by REMOVING WATER!! – Hence the name dehydration… as in dehydrate Hydrolysis: • process of breaking down macromolecules into smaller molecules called MONOMERS • smaller molecules are formed by ADDING WATER! PROCESS STARTS WITH ... dehydration synthesis small molecules (monomers) hydrolysis water & macromolecules ENDS WITH ... large molecules & water (macromolecules) small molecules (monomers) Ex. growth digestion • dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis Macromolecules • Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules – macromolecules • 4 major classes of macromolecules: – carbohydrates – lipids – proteins – nucleic acids Polymers • Long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain – monomers • building blocks • repeated small units H 2O – covalent bonds HO H HO H Dehydration synthesis HO H How to build a polymer • Synthesis – joins monomers by “taking” H2O out • one monomer donates OH– • other monomer donates H+ • together these form H2O – requires energy & enzymes HO H 2O H Dehydration synthesis HO H enzyme Condensation reaction HO H How to break down a polymer • Digestion – use H2O to breakdown polymers • reverse of dehydration synthesis • cleave off one monomer at a time • H2O is split into H+ and OH– – H+ & OH– attach to ends – requires enzymes – releases energy H2O HO enzyme H Hydrolysis Digestion HO H HO H Carbon Compounds - Concept Map Building blocks of all life Carbon Compounds include Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids that consist of Sugars and starches Proteins Building Blocks Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain Elements Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, Macromolecules ID lab Organic Compounds Cont… Carbohydrates: • Made of the elements Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen • Usually the Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen have a 1:2:1 ratio • Used in organisms for quick energy Carbohydrate: a. Monosaccharide: –simple sugar (1- ring) – “ose” ending = sugar –ex. Fructose, glucose: CarbohydrateMonosaccharide: Carbohydrates: b. Disaccharide • 2 simple sugars are chemically bonded together • ex. Sucrose, lactose Carbohydrate- Disaccharide: Carbohydrates: C. Polysaccharide: • many sugars chemically bonded together • form long chains = polymers • are macromolecules (lg molecules) • ex. Starches, Chitin, and cellulose (found in fruits and veggies) CarbohydratePolysaccharide 4 1 2 3 Elements Present Used by organisms for ... carbon hydrogen Quick oxygen energy C:H:O = 1:2:1 always! Building Blocks (Monomers) Related Terms & Info Disaccharide: 2 connected monosacchar monosaccharide ide (ex: maltose) (simple sugars) ex: glucose Polysaccharide 3 or more connected monosaccharide (ex: starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose) Organic Compounds cont. Lipids: • Fats, cholesterol, waxes, oils • Lipids + H2O3 fatty acids +glycerol • H to O ratio is much greater than 2:1 • Do not EMULSIFY - break apart in H2O • Used as Stored energy in organisms 3 Fatty Acids and a Glycerol: G L 1 Y C E 2 R O L 3 Lipids • 2 classifications of fats: 1.Saturated fats 2.Unsaturated fats (which includes polyunsaturated fats) Lipids: • Saturated fats: • solid at room temperature • linked to cardiovascular disease • have many H-C bonds Lipids: Unsaturated fats: • not solids at room temp • not associated with cardiovascular disease • have 1 or more double C-C bonds • polyunsaturated fats have more than 1 double or triple C-C bond Used by Elements Organisms for Present ... Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen ONLY ! There is no specific H:O ratio. Stored Energy Structure (important part of cell membranes) Building Blocks of Lipids 3 Fatty Acids 1 glycerol Related Terms & Info saturated fat = C-C bonds are all single bonds unsaturated fat = contain at least one double or triple CC bond STOP!!! CK POINT Topic: “chemistry of life”: 1. What elements are found in carbohydrates and lipids? 2. Explain 2 differences between carbohydrates and lipids. 3. Describe the function for each? 4. How are monomers bonded together? Broken apart? Organic Compounds: NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA & RNA We will save the nitty, gritty details of DNA & RNA for later in the year (Genetics). But for now, you should know there functions & basic structure, and how DNA compares to RNA. DNA & RNA DNA & RNA are polymers (many units) --- long chains of smaller repeating units. The repeating unit (monomers) in nucleic acids is called a nucleotide. nucleotide remember this ! nucleotide 1. A phosphate group 2. The carbohydrate… (see the “ring”?) 3. A nitrogen base: Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine What elements make up a nucleotide? Repeating Units of Nucleotides Nucleotide Nucleotide How many nucleotides are in the nucleic acid above? Nucleic Acid: DNA Nucleic Acid: RNA Nucleic Acids: DNA RNA FULL NAME Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid BASIC STRUCTURE 2 long twisting strands of nucleotides in the form of a "double helix" 1 single strand of nucleotides NUCLEOTIDE SUGAR Deoxyribose Ribose NITROGENOUS BASES guanine (G) cytosine (C) adenine (A) thymine (T) LOCATION IN A CELL nucleus (the chromosomes) FUNCTION the hereditary material of a cell, directs & controls cell guanine (G) cytosine (C) adenine (A) uracil (U) nucleus, in the cytoplasm, & at the ribosomes involved in protein synthesis Organic Compounds: ProteiNs' • Contain the elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen • take the shape of coils, helixes and globules • ex. Collagen, hormones, muscle tissue, enzymes, Hemoglobin Structure of ProteiNs: ProteiNs: Made up of basic building blocks MONOMERS called: AMINO ACIDS!!!! Amino Acids: • are the structural units (monomers) of protein • bond together to form proteins • The bond between amino acids are called Peptide bonds Amino Acids: • The order/sequence and size of amino acid determines the protein made • 2 amino acids bonded together = dipeptide • amino acids form long chains called a polypeptide chains Elements Present carbon hydrogen oxygen & NITROGEN (sometimes Sulfur) monomers of Proteins: Used by organisms for ... muscles enzymes antibodies hormones Pigments Hemoglobin AMINO ACIDS!!! Related Terms & Info peptide bond = the bond that holds amino acids together in protein molecules dipeptide = 2 connected amino acids polypeptide = 3 or more connected amino acids STOP!!! CK POINT Topic: “NA and ProteiNs”: 1. What are 2 types of Nucleic Acids? 2. What is the “monomer” of a nucleic acid? 3. Describe the primary functions of nucleic acids. 4. Identify elements found in ProteiNs. 5. What is the monomer for ProteiNs? Group Activity: • Group leaders to get a marker • As a group, and when instructed, you will go to a poster in a designated area in the room • When the timer begins WRITE 1 ACCURATE FACT • Wait until instructed, move to the next poster. • As you move to each poster, read each statement then add an additional fact Enzymes: • Are forms of protein!!!!!!!!!!!!! • Usually end in “ASE” • Are not changed during a chemical rxn (a substance affects a reaction w/o being changed is called a CATALYST) Enzymes: • Are organic catalysts : –Control the rate of rxn within cells –Catalysts allow rxns to occur at a faster rate • Are used over and over • For each chem. rxn, there is a specific enzyme to initiate the rxn HOW ENZYMES WORK: • Substrate– the substance the enzyme acts upon • Enzyme Active– the region on the enzyme • Substrate and Enzyme active site are specific to each other. • The substrate fits the enzyme active site like a puzzle called: enzymesubstrate complex HOW ENZYMES WORK: • When the enzyme and substrate come together: • The enzyme: –may cause 2 molecules to join together –may cause bonds to break Enzyme-Substrate Complex Enzyme-Substrate Complex Factors Affecting Enzyme Action: 1. Concentration and surface area 2. Temperature 3. pH 4. Co-enzymes Factors Affecting Enzyme Action: • Concentration – determine rxn rates. Sometimes adding more concentration has little or no effect Temperature– slowly raising the temp. increases rate. However, at higher temps., the enzyme can breakdown called Denaturation •temp and enzymes • pH level – specific to the enzyme stomach acidic, intestines slightly basic • Presence of coenzymes (vitamins) allows an enzyme to perform Carbon Compounds 4 groups of carbon compounds found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and protein. Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes. Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of cell membranes and waterproofing. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. Proteins: • control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. • build tissues such as bone and muscle. Others transport materials or help to fight disease. Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical rxns always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products. Cells use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules 2009-2010 Flow of energy through life • Life is built on chemical reactions Chemical reactions of life • Processes of life – building molecules • synthesis + – breaking down molecules • digestion + Nothing works without enzymes! • How important are enzymes? – all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work enzyme • building molecules – synthesis enzymes + • breaking down molecules We can’t live without enzymes! – digestive enzymes – enzymes speed up reactions • “catalysts” enzyme + Examples synthesis + enzyme digestion enzyme + Enzymes are proteins • Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction – each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job – enzymes are named for the reaction they help Oh, I get it! They end in -ase • • • • sucrase breaks down sucrose proteases breakdown proteins lipases breakdown lipids DNA polymerase builds DNA Enzymes aren’t used up • Enzymes are not changed by the reaction – used only temporarily – re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules – very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions substrate active site product enzyme It’s shape that matters! • Lock & Key model – shape of protein allows enzyme & substrate to fit – specific enzyme for each specific reaction 2 1 3 Enzyme vocabulary • Enzyme – helper protein molecule • Substrate – molecule that enzymes work on • Products – what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction • Active site – part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into What affects enzyme action • Correct protein structure – correct order of amino acids – why? enzyme has to be right shape • Temperature – why? enzyme has to be right shape • pH (acids & bases) – why? enzyme has to be right shape Order of amino acids • Wrong order = wrong shape = can’t do its job! chain of amino acids DNA folded protein right shape! folded protein chain of amino acids DNA wrong shape! Temperature • Effect on rates of enzyme activity – Optimum temperature • greatest number of collisions between enzyme & substrate • human enzymes – 35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C) – Raise temperature (boiling) • denature protein = unfold = lose shape – Lower temperature T° • molecules move slower • fewer collisions between enzyme & substrate Temperature reaction rate human enzymes 37° temperature What’s happening here?! pH • Effect on rates of enzyme activity – changes in pH changes protein shape – most human enzymes = pH 6-8 • depends on where in body • pepsin (stomach) = pH 3 • trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8 pH intestines trypsin What’s happening here?! reaction rate stomach pepsin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 pH 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 For enzymes… What matters? SHAPE! 2009-2010