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Objective: You will be able to compare and contrast the equations of respiration. Do Now: • Read p. 221 • What is the most important use of food? ATP Contain three phosphate groups Have energy between phosphate bonds ATP supplies energy by breaking the bonds between phosphates Energy is used to carry out chemical reactions The bonds are restored by respiration Figure 6.10 The ATP cycle The Structure of ATP • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) – Is the cell’s energy – Provides energy for cellular functions Adenine N O O -O O - O - Phosphate groups Figure 8.8 O O C C N HC O O O NH2 N CH2 - O H N H H H OH CH C OH Ribose Respiration Equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP Breaking down glucose with oxygen allows us to make 38 ATP Anaerobic respiration • Occurs without oxygen • Only makes 2 ATP • Also called fermentation Anaerobic respiration in humans • When we can’t get enough oxygen to our muscles, they become fatigued. • We then have to do respiration without using oxygen C6H12O6 Lactic acid + 2ATP Anaerobic respiration in yeast • Produces alcohol and CO2 C6H12O6 Alcohol + CO2 +2 ATP Global Warming • Is partly caused by an increase of CO2 in the air? • Why would cutting down a forest and leaving the trees to rot increase the effect of global warming? Create your own lab day! Bromthymol • Used to test for the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) • If CO2 is present it is a yellow color • If CO2 is NOT present it is a blue color How does exercise affect the disposal of CO2? • What is the independent variable? • What is the dependent variable? • Design your experiment – Write a hypothesis – How would you test for CO2? – List the procedure – List the materials you will need Objective: You will be able to outline the events of glycolysis. Do Now: • Read p. 223 • What is the function of NAD+ The Principle of Redox • Redox reactions – Transfer electrons from one reactant to another by oxidation and reduction • Electrons from organic compounds – Are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme 2 e– + 2 H+ NAD+ Dehydrogenase O NH2 H C CH2 O O– O O P O H – O P O HO O N+ Nicotinamide (oxidized form) H OH HO CH2 N H O H HO N H OH Reduction of NAD+ + 2[H] (from food) Oxidation of NADH NH2 N N 2 e– + H+ H Figure 9.4 NADH H O C H N NH2 Nicotinamide (reduced form) + The electron transport chain • Passes electrons in a series of steps instead of in one explosive reaction • Uses the energy from the electron transfer to form ATP 2H 1/ + 2 O2 (from food via NADH) 2 H+ + 2 e– Controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP Free energy, G ATP ATP ATP 2 e– 1/ 2 H+ H2O Figure 9.5 B (b) Cellular respiration 2 O2 • An overview of cellular respiration gure 9.6 Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 Electrons carried via NADH Glycolsis Pyruvate Glucose Cytosol ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Mitochondrion ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Oxidative phosphorylation Glycolysis ATP Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation ATP ATP Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP + 2 P used 2 ATP Energy payoff phase 4 ADP + 4 P 2 NAD+ + 4 e- + 4 H + 4 ATP formed 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used Figure 9.8 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H + 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O 2 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H+ Occurs in the cytosol Splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules The first phase requires the addition of 2 ATP molecules to start the reaction The second phase yields 4 ATP and 2 NADH. The net yield of glycolysis is 2 ATP and 2 NADH Group Activity • Your objective is to design a screenplay about glycolysis. • You will need to create a: – Glucose character – NAD+ character – Something to represent electrons – Something to represent ATP CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION NAD+ NADH + H+ O– S CoA C O 2 C C O O CH3 1 3 CH3 Pyruvate Transport protein Figure 9.10 Acetyle CoA CO2 Coenzyme A Citric Acid Cycle • Completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules • Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion Pyruvate (from glycolysis, 2 molecules per glucose) Glycolysis Citric acid cycle ATP ATP Oxidative phosphorylation ATP CO2 CoA NADH + 3 H+ Acetyle CoA CoA CoA Citric acid cycle 2 CO2 3 NAD+ FADH2 FAD 3 NADH + 3 H+ ADP + P i ATP Figure 9.11 The Citric Acid Cycle Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria Acetyl CoA enters the cycle and is completely broken down into CO2 Cycle occurs once for each CoA molecule A total of 1 ATP, 3NADH, and 1 FADH2 are produced for each turn 2 molecules of CO2 is released as waste per turn Objective: You will be able discuss the significance of the ETC. Do Now: • Read “Electron Transport” p. 228-229 • What is the energy of the electrons directly used for? NADH and FADH2 • Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation NADH 50 FADH2 40 I FMN Fe•S Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcl/mol) Fe•S Electron Transport Chain Multiprotein complexes FAD II O III Cyt b 30 Fe•S Cyt c1 IV Cyt c Cyt a Cyt a3 20 10 0 Figure 9.13 2 H + + 12 O2 H2 O Figure 9–7 Electron Transport Chain Section 9-2 Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel Mitochondrion Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production