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Chapter 25 Metabolism and Energetics chemical reactions: replacement / repair recycling / breakdown cell growth / division store nutrients special jobs (secretion/contraction,…) (Cell) Metabolism the sum of all the chemical reactions taking place in (a cell) an organism Catabolism breakdown of organic substances (release energy) Anabolism synthesis of new organic substances fig. 25-1 Cellular respiration glucose + 02 H20 + CO2 + ATP Cellular respiration 3 subpathways: glycolysis TriCarboxylicAcid cycle (TCA) Electron Transport System (ETS) 3 subpathways each individual step each chemical structure the names of each enzyme glucokinase glucose + ATP glucose-6-phosphate + ADP 3 subpathways beginning and end net gain for each important intermediates important byproducts other features ?? O2? fig. 25-3 Glycolysis (anaerobic) breakdown glucose (C6) produce net gain 2 pyruvate (C3) 2 ATP 2 NADH (coenzyme) yield NAD and CoEnzyme A (CoA) pyruvate acetyl-CoA irreversible + CO2 + NADH (x 2) oxaloacetate Tricarboxylic acid cycle citric acid cycle reb’s cycle fig. 25-4 3 2 4 6 5 4 fig. 25-4b TCA yield 2 CO2 ATP 3 NADH 1FADH2 4 CO2 2 ATP x2 6 NADH 2 FADH2 cumm. yield 6 CO2 4 ATP 8 NADH 2 FADH2 2 NADH TCA glycolysis Electron Transport System and Oxidative Phosphorylation (production of ATP using O2) 2 H2 + O 2 2 H2O Slide 5 Figure 25-5 fig. 25-6 Cellular respiration glucose + 02 glucose + 6 02 H20 + CO2 + ATP 6 H20 + 6 CO2 + 36 ATP Can cells produce glucose? Yes, but… not just “undoing” glycolysis pyruvate acetyl-CoA irreversible glycolysis gluconeogenesis fig. 2-15 fig. 2-15 fig. 2-15 H H C=C C cis- H C C C=C C H transfig. 2-15 beta oxidation remove C-C fragments as acetyl-CoA TCA cycle, ETS 16 ATP 18 C chain (stearic acid) 9 C-C fragments 9 C-C fragments each 18 C chain 9 x 16 = 144 ATP X 16 ATP each C-C 18 C fatty acid 18 C chain =3? glucose molecules x 36 ?? ATP/glucose 3 X 36 = 108 ATP 18 C - glucose 9 x 16 = 144 ATP 18 C - fatty acid fig. 25-8 Lipid synthesis acetyl-CoA many cholestrol, steroids, … Lipid synthesis acetyl-CoA DHAP fig. 25-3 many glycerol Lipid synthesis acetyl-CoA many DHAP glycerol some lipids are essential we can’t make them we have to ingest them linoleic acid, linolenic acid Lipid transport (not soluble in H2O) FFA (free fatty acids) carried by albumin most abundant blood plasma protein) Lipid transport FFA (free fatty acids) Lipoproteins lipid-protein complexes coated by phospholipids and protein Classification: LDL’s HDL’s Cholesterol: is necessary component of membranes precursor for steroid hormones can be made by our cells but,… too much is unhealthy obtained from saturated fats fig. 25-? LDL low density lipoprotein •contain cholesterol •carry it to peripheral tissues •If levels of cholesterol are high is can accumulate in places like arterial walls (atherosclerosis) HDL high density lipoprotein •transport excess cholesterol back to liver Slide 10 fig 25-9b factors affecting [cholesterol] •genetics •age •physical condition •diet total cholesterol < 200 mg dl pg. 929 Protein metabolism General info: 100,000 to 140,000 linear arrays of amino acids 20 different amino acids (similarities) O H OH C | C N amino acid carboxylic acid O OH C | H C NH2 amine | R variable amino acid protein catabolism O OH C | H C NH2 amino acid Deamination produces NH4+ (ammonium ion) O || C urea cycle 2 NH3 + CO2 H2N +H2O NH2 Proteins and energy production •more difficult to break up than carbohydrates or lipids •byproduct (NH4+) is toxic •they serve very important roles fig. 25-10 PKU phenylketouria inborn errors of metabolism Phe phenylalanine hydoxylase Tyr PKU phenylketouria PKU phenylketouria Protein synthesis: 20 amino acids 10 we can “make” 8 we can’t “make” 2 we can’t “make” enough Protein synthesis: 20 amino acids (aa’s) 10 non-essential 8 essential 2 protein deficiency Nucleus rRNA, tRNA ribosomes RNA polymerase DNA mRNA transcription translation nucleus cytoplasm protein fig. 3-12 translation to make proteins, all amino acids must be available If your diet is “short” any essential amino acids,… …protein deficiency diseases pellagra marasmus kwashiorkor kwashiorkor low protein in blood (hypotonic) fluid moves into tissues edema (swelling) fig. 25-12 Nutrient requirement for different tissues is different: liver: adipose tissue: skeletal muscle: neural tissue: other peripheral t.: Nutrient requirement for different tissues is different: liver: adipose tissue: skeletal muscle: neural tissue: other peripheral t.: can do almost everything make/break carbs, fats, proteins Nutrient requirement for different tissues is different: liver: adipose tissue: skeletal muscle: neural tissue: other peripheral t.: stores triglycerides Nutrient requirement for different tissues is different: liver: adipose tissue: skeletal muscle: neural tissue: other peripheral t.: stores glycogen Nutrient requirement for different tissues is different: liver: adipose tissue: skeletal muscle: neural tissue: other peripheral t.: [glucose] 100 mg/100 ml (100 mg %) must have steady supply of glucose Nutrient requirement for different tissues is different: liver: adipose tissue: skeletal muscle: neural tissue: other peripheral t.: low reserves, but can use other molecules interrelationship among “compartments” absorptive state following a meal ~4 hours postabsorptive state must use internal reserves postabsorptive state (conserve glucose) liver breaks down lipids/aa breakdown acetyl CoA carb restriction/starvation uncontrolled diabetes mellitus blood pH ketone bodies (ketoacidosis) (ketosis) Food pyramid and groups guidelines fig. 25-13 proteins complete contain all essential aa’s incomplete deficient in at least one of the essential aa’s nitrogen found in: each amino acid of every protein each nucleotide of DNA and RNA creatine (muscle cell energy) porphyrin (Hb) nitrogen We can‘t store it: must be recycled or ingested nitrogen balance: + more is being absorbed than excreted growth, pregnancy, atheltics - less is being absorbed than excreted dangerous Minerals inorganic ions e.g., Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-, maintain osmotic concentrations maintain membrane potentials co-factors in reactions bulk (g/day) trace mg/day Table 25-3 Vitamins fat soluble A, D, E, K water soluble B’s, C, niacin, folic acid, biotin Table 25-4 Vitamins fat soluble A D E K vision absorption of Ca, Ph (bone) ? blood clotting Table 25-4 Table 25-4 Vitamins water soluble B2 B5 niacin folate C (coenzymes) FAD acetyl-CoA NAD aa, nucleic acid metab. collagen synthesis Table 25-5 Vitamins too little or deficiencies water soluble ? too much fat soluble vitamin toxicity Energy released when chemical bonds are broken calorie energy needed to raise 1 g of H2O 1° C Calorie energy needed to raise 1 kg of H2O 1° C (kilocalorie) Energy measure the number of Calories used: metabolic rate basal metabolic rate BMR BMR minimum amount of energy used by an awake, alert person influenced by: age genes physical condition body weight BMR how to measure? O2 consumption T4 assay BMR intake of energy (calories consumed) = Calories used weight = same (BMR, work) BMR weight = increase BMR intake of energy Calories used (calories consumed) (BMR, work) BMR weight = decrease Weight control Calorie counting and Exercise Appetite complex poorly understood stretch receptors in gut hormones (CCK, leptin) psychological, social, etc… Thermoregulation cellular respiration heat 98.6° F 37° C Thermoregulation heat environment radiation conduction convection evaporation like heat from sun transfer through contact lose to air around body cools surface Thermoregulation control centers in hypothalamus heat loss heat gain (to environment) (from metabolism) Thermoregulation too warm? heat loss (to environment) heat-loss center peripheral vasodilation sweat gland secretion increase respiration Thermoregulation heat loss (to environment) too cool? heat gain heat-gain center (from metabolism) prevent hypothermia Thermoregulation heat loss (to environment) too cool? vasoconstriction to periphery superficial versus deep countercurrent exchange fig. 25-14 Thermoregulation heat gain too cool? (from metabolism) heat-gain center shivering non-shivering muscles produce heat hormones epinephrine, TSH Thermoregulation infants loose heat quickly can’t shiver have “brown” fat Thermoregulation fever (pyrexia) temperature maintained at elevated level