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Carbohydrate Metabolism Aulanni’am Biochemistry Laboratory Chemistry Departement Brawijaya University Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature Photosynthesis energy stored in carbohydrates; Carbohydrates are the metabolic precursors of all other biomolecules; Important component of cell structures; Important function in cell-cell recognition; Carbohydrate chemistry: Contains at least one asymmetric carbon center; Favorable cyclic structures; Able to form polymers Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Carbohydrate Nomenclature Carbohydrate Classes: Monosaccharides (CH2O)n Simple sugars, can not be broken down further; Oligosaccharides Few simple sugars (2-6). Polysaccharides Polymers of monosaccharides Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Carbohydrate Nomenclature Monosaccharide (carbon numbers 3-7) Aldoses 1 Contain aldehyde 2 Name: aldo-#-oses (e.g., aldohexoses) 3 4 Memorize all aldoses in Figure ? 5 6 Ketoses Contain ketones Name: keto-#-oses (ketohexoses) Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 CHO H OH H OH H OH H OH CH2OH 1 CHO 2 H O 3 H OH 4 H OH 5 6 H OH CH2OH Monosaccharide Structures Axis a Conformation of monosaccharide e a O a a H H OH e e e a Chair CH2OH OH O H a a e e H HO 2HC HO HO OH HO H OH H H Axis e e Oe e a a a Boat OH H H Conformation of glucose OH -D-glucopyranose Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Disaccharides Simplest oligosaccharides; Contain two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond; The free anomeric carbon is called reducing end; The linkage carbon on the first sugar is always C-1. So disaccharides can be named as sugar(a,b)-1,#-sugar, where a or b depends on the anomeric structure of the first sugar. For example, Maltose is glucose-a-1,4-glucose. Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Structures of Disaccharides Note the linkage and reducing ends O OH 5 OH 4 1 3 OH O 4 3 2 HOH 1 1 OH 3 4 OH 3 OH 1 2 O 3 O OH 3 2 Maltose (glucose--1,4-glucose) 4 OH 1 CH2OH O 5 HOH 1 OH 2 OH 6 CH2OH OH 4 HOH 1 Cellobiose (glucose--1,4-glucose) 6 CH2OH 5 3 OH Lactose (galactose--1,4-glucose) O OH O 4 2 OH 6 CH2OH O 5 OH 4 2 OH 5 O 5 O 5 6 CH2OH 6 CH2OH 6 CH2OH 6 CH2OH OH 1 2 O 2 O 3 OH OH 5 CH2OH 46 OH Sucrose (glucose--1,2-froctose) Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 no reducing end Polysacchrides Also called glycans; Starch and glycogen are storage molecules; Chitin and cellulose are structural molecules; Cell surface polysaccharides are recognition molecules. Glucose is the monosaccharides of the following polysacchrides with different linkages and banches a(1,4), starch (more branch) a(1,4), glycogen (less branch) a(1,6), dextran (chromatography resins) b(1,4), cellulose (cell walls of all plants) b(1,4), Chitin similar to cellulose, but C2-OH is replaced by –NHCOCH3 (found in exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, spiders) Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Overview of Glucose Catabolism Cells catabolize organic molecules and make ATP two ways: Substrate-Level Phosphorylation Glycolysis Krebs (TCA) Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron Transport Chain Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Overview of Glucose Catabolism Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Overview of Glucose Catabolism Glycolysis Biochemical pathway that produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. Yields a net of two ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose catabolized. Every living creature is capable of carrying out glycolysis. Most present-day organisms can extract considerably more energy from glucose through aerobic respiration. •Net reaction C 6 H12 O 6 2Pi 2ADP 2 NAD 2C 3 H 4 O 3 2ATP 2 NADH H Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Glucose priming Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Cleavage and rearrangement P Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 P Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Krebs Cycle After pyruvate has been oxidized, acetyl- CoA feeds into the Krebs cycle. Krebs cycle is the next step of oxidative respiration and takes place in mitochondria. Occurs in three stages: Acetyl-CoA binds a fourcarbon molecule and produces a six-carbon molecule. Two carbons are removed as CO2. Four-carbon starting material is regenerated. Cycle is also known as Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle Citric acid cycle COOH CH2 HO C COOH CH2 COOH citric acid Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Aerobic Respiration The pyruvic acid formed by glycolysis enters interior of mitochondria. Converted by coenzyme A to 2 molecules of acetyl CoA and 2 C02. Acetyl CoA serves as substrate for mitochondrial enzymes in the aerobic pathway. Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 pyruvate (3C) CO2 acetyl coenzyme A (2C) oxaloacetate (4C) FADH citrate (6C) NADH NADH GTP CO2 -ketoglutarate (5C) succinate (4C) CO2 NADH Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Krebs Cycle Generates two ATP molecules per molecule of glucose. Generates many energized electrons which can be directed to the electron transport chain to drive synthesis of more ATP: 6 NADH per molecule of glucose 2 FADH2 per molecule of glucose Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Glycolysis Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 KREBS CYCLE Takes place in Mitochondrion when oxygen is present Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is trimmed to a 2 carbon compound Remaining carbon from glucose => CO2 Hydrogens transferred NAD+ => NADH FAD => FADH Products of kreb cycle 3 NADHs 1 FADH2 2 ATP Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 The Cori Cycle The reconversion of lactic acid to pyruvate sees the removal of fatiguing lactate from the site of production. This forms the theoretical basis for the cool-down. As the glycolysis pathway is reversible lactic acid can eventually be anabolised into glucose and stored in the liver, muscles or blood. Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Electron Transport System Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Electron Transport System Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Energy Capacity to perform work. Two examples: 1. Kinetic energy 2. Potential energy Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Kinetic Energy Energy in the process of doing work. Energy of motion. Examples: 1. Heat 2. Light energy SUN Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Potential Energy Energy that matter occupies because of it’s location, arrangement, or position. Energy of position. Examples: 1. Water behind a dam 2. Chemical energy (gas) Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 GAS Question: What is ATP? Answer: adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Components: 1. adenine: nitrogenous base 2. ribose: five carbon sugar 3. phosphate group: chain of three adenine phosphate group P ribose Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 P P Answer: Works by the direct chemical transfer of a phosphate group. This is called “phosphorylation”. The exergonic hydrolysis of ATP is coupled with the endergonic processes by transferring a phosphate group to another molecule. Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Hydrolysis of ATP ATP + H2O ADP + P (exergonic) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) P P P Hydrolysis (add water) P P + P Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Dehydration of ATP ADP + P ATP + H2O (endergonic) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) P P P Dehydration synthesis (remove water) P P + P Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3 Aulani "Biokimia" Presentation 3