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Opening Activity
Create a pro’s and cons list for each of the five metabolism types.
SEPTEMBER 28, 2010
Note-taking Preview
• Hierarchy of organization
DNA
Division
• Copying DNA
• Mitosis, Meiosis
• Phases
• General vs. Specialized
• Examples
Specialization
• Uni vs. Multicellular, Eukaryote and Prokaryote Features
Types
DNA Hierarchy of Organization
Nucleic Acid
Codon
DNA Strand
Gene
Chromosome
• Smallest unit
• Comes in “A,T,G,C” for DNA and “A,U,G,C” for RNA
• A group of 3 nucleic acids, which codes for a certain amino acid
• Forms double helix shape
• A-T or A-U and G-C pairings only
• Enough information to code for one or more traits.
• Multiple genes organized into a long chain.
• Chromosomes are paired in an ordinary cell.
• Human cells have 23 pairs.
Which stores the most information?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Gene
Chromosome
DNA Strand
Nucleic Acid
Nucleus
Codon
17%
1
17%
2
17%
17%
3
4
17%
5
17%
6
What is the correct match for the
DNA code ATTGAC?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CAGTTA
CGGTCA
TAACTG
UAACUG
None of the above
20%
1
20%
20%
2
3
20%
4
20%
5
Which is the correct match for the
RNA code UCCGAU
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ACCGUA
TCCGTT
AGGCUA
UAGCCU
None of the above
20%
1
20%
20%
2
3
20%
4
20%
5
How many amino acid pieces will a piece of
mRNA “UGCAUACGGAUU” code for?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
12
3
6
24
36
None of the above
17%
1
17%
2
17%
17%
3
4
17%
5
17%
6
What’s in the Nucleus
Reference:
http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Hyperion/DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration/Im
ages/chromosome.gif
Copying DNA
DNA’s double helix structure ‘unzips’. Specially shaped proteins do both the
unzipping and matching-up.
Each DNA molecule finds a match floating around in the nucleus’ cytoplasm.
T matches A, G matches C.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.starsandseas.com/SAS_Images/SAS_Genetics_images/DNA_images/DNA_polymerase.j
pg&imgrefurl=http://www.starsandseas.com/SAS%2520Cells/DNA%2520Replication/dnarepli.htm&usg=__ieHGaMCgp8qfTlqQCkkZVQeiHzE
=&h=210&w=183&sz=4&hl=en&start=16&um=1&tbnid=Y2mKqfZ0sHuyM:&tbnh=106&tbnw=92&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpolymerase%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dstrict%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:enUS%26rlz%3D1I7ADRA_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1&safe=strict
Cell Division 1
Individual genes of DNA can be copied into mRNA.
All DNA on a chromosome is copied before the cell divides. Now instead of
one pair (times 23) of chromosomes, we have two pairs (times 23).
1) The chromosomes are copied.
2) The cell’s nuclear membrane disappears.
3) Two organelles called centrioles make cytoskeleton-like threads that pull
half of the chromosomes toward each end of the cell.
4) The cell membrane pinches off in the middle, breaking the parent cell into
two daughter cells.
5) New nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes.
6) The cells each grow back up to full size and resume their normal duties.
Cell Division 2: Mitosis
Mitosis is the ‘normal’ version.
Chromosomes get copied, so
you have the same number
after as before.
The process is broken into
stages called:
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cell Division 3: Meiosis
Meiosis is the reproductive version i.e.
produces sex cells such as sperm and
ova (unfertilized eggs).
The chromosomes get copied once, but
the cells divide twice for a total of four
cells with half of the original
chromosome number.
Practice
Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis.
List a sequence of steps that cells use to reproduce.
Warmup
Create a practice diagram of mitosis and meiosis. Label your diagrams
with the names of phases as well as a brief description.
“I painted my antelope’s tongue.”
Cell Specialization
General Cell:
Stem cell – not specialized at all… can become anything! Found in bone
marrow, embryo’s.
Specialized Cells:
Nerve cell – grows long tendrils, has extra endocytosis channels to move
electrically charged ions around.
Muscle cell – Multiple nucleus and extremely long length, extra mitochondria
and special proteins which can contract.
Cheek cell – smooth, flat, and replaced very quickly due to frequent damage
Blood cell – no nucleus, missing organelles, hemoglobin protein w/ iron allows
it to transport gases, cannot reproduce itself.
Cell Types
Unicellular
Multicellular
Eukaryote Animal
Eukaryote Plant
Eukaryote Fungi
Prokaryote Bacteria