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The Chemistry of Life Chapters 2& 3 KEY CONCEPTS: What macromolecules are important to living things? What are the functions of each group of macromolecules? http://www.uri.edu/pharmacy/faculty/cho/research.html http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biochemistry_notes_bi_ch3.htm Phospholipid by RIEDELL 4 CLASSES of MACROMOLECULES 1.Carbohydrates 2.Proteins 3.Lipids 4.Nucleic Acids Atomic Number 6 Atomic Mass C Carbon 12.001 Atomic Symbol A Carbon Atom The four valance electrons are ready for covalent (share) bonding. e e e 6P e 6N e e Single, Double, Triple Bonds Carbon typically bonds with… H Hydrogen N Nitrogen O Oxygen P Phosphorus S Sulfur Short chains Long chains Branching molecules Rings Functional groups of organic compounds: • Hydroxyl group – OH • Carbonyl group – C=O • Carboxyl group – COOH • Phosphate group – OPO32- • Amino group – NH2 Differences in functional groups affects function of the compound A • A missing H from a functional group creates a new compound. • A= estradiol (estrogen) • B= testosterone B These carbon structures can combine to form… Small molecules or macromolecules (10’s, 100’s, 1000’s of Carbons) So how do we put them together and take them apart? Polymerization-make a molecule • Monomer - one unit or one part – Carbohydrate – Lipid – Protein – Nucleic acid => monosaccharide => glycerol + fatty acids => amino acid => nucleotide • Polymer- many units or many parts Condensation and Hydrolysis • Condensation and Dehydration Synthesis mean the same thing. • Hydrolysis – Hydro- pertains to water. – lyse means to break or rupture • You are removing water to make something more • You are using water to break apart a molecule. concentrated or dense. • Ex: condensed milk Put Together Break Apart A closer look… • Condensation or Dehydration Synthesis Animation A closer look… • hydrolysis Good test questions • Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. • Can you relate metabolic processes to these new terms. Remember anabolism and catabolism. What about digestion and photosynthesis? • Telling Sentence: Hydrolysis is a reaction that occurs during digestion. Tell me more… CARBOHYDRATES: contain Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen (with a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O) Examples: GLUCOSE C6H12O6, Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html Carbohydrates • A single carbohydrate is called a Monosaccharide • Many carbohydrates bonded together is called a Polysaccharide Important MONOSACCHARIDES C6H12O6 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 2 H: __ 1 O ALL HAVE __C: 1 __ http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html http://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg http://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html Monosaccharides can be joined together using dehydration synthesis ____________________ to make ________________ made of POLYSACCHARIDES ___________ MANY SUGAR molecules. Image from: Modern Biology; Pearson Prentice Hall © 2005 Examples of IMPORTANT POLYSACCHARIDES ___________ STARCH CELLULOSE ___________ GLYCOGEN ___________ Image from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif WHAT DO CARBOHYDRATES DO? Image from: http://www.sdada.org/Pyramid-Vegetarian-01.jpg CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY burn glucose Cells _______________ for their ________ energy needs Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY ANIMAL cells _______ store glucose _____________ glycogen as __________. Image from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY PLANT ________ cells store glucose ____________ STARCH as _________ Images from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif http://oregonstate.edu/instruction/bb450/stryer/ch21/Slide24.jpg CARBOHYDRATES are STRUCTURAL PLANTS _____ also use glucose to make ___________ CELLULOSE Cellulose makes STURDY plants _______ Images from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif http://www.kalyx.com/store/images/ApiumGraveolens9.jpg CARBOHYDRATES HELP with CELL IDENTIFICATION GLYCOPROTEINS _____________ (proteins with sugars _____ attached) on the surface of cells help cells _____________ recognize “self” More about this in Chapters 7 and 11 Image from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm GLYCOPROTEINS are important for: BLOOD TYPES ORGAN REJECTION Images from:http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00737/bloodgp.jpg http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/organ-transplant-ch.jpg http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm RECOGNIZING GERMS Di = two Carbohydrates Monosaccharide – Glucose, Galactose, Fructose Disaccharide – Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose Polysaccharide – Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin Polysaccharides Structure Storage Starch Plant energy Glycogen Animal energy Cellulose Chitin Plant cell walls Insect exoskeleton MACROMOLECULES important to living things! 1._____________ Carbohydrates Proteins 2. _____________ 3. _____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) 4._____________ PROTEINS contain: Carbon ________, Hydrogen _________, Oxygen _______, and Nitrogen _________ and are built from AMINO ACID __________ subunits Image by: Riedell Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Section 2-3 Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine Proteins • A single protein molecule is called an amino acid (aa) • Many amino acids strung together make a polypeptide What kind of chemical reaction do you think is used to join amino acid subunits to make proteins? dehydration synthesis http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg WHAT DO PROTEINS DO? Image from: http://www.drpbody.com/images/meatpoultryfish.gif __________________ GLYCOPROTEINS proteins ) (SUGARS attached to ________ on the surface of cells help cells recognize “self” ____________ Image from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm GLYCOPROTEINS are important for: BLOOD TYPES ORGAN REJECTION Images from:http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00737/bloodgp.jpg http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/organ-transplant-ch.jpg http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm RECOGNIZING GERMS STRUCTURAL PROTEINS ARE ___________ Proteins Phospholipids _______ and ___________ main components are _______________ in cell membranes _____________ Image from: http://www.borg.com/~lubehawk/cell.htm#plcell_dia_ques PROTEINS ARE STRUCTURAL Proteins Combine _______ with DNA ______ to wrap up into chromosomes ___________ Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/dna/chromosome.gif Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES ENZYMES __________ help ______ chemical reactions happen _____________ faster Enzymes • Enzymes lower the activation energy or the “start-up” energy needed for a reaction to take place. or Images from: http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm FIGHT GERMS PROTEINS ____________ _____________ ANTIBODIES are proteins ANTIBODIES ATTACK & KILL THEM PROTEINS help in TRANSPORT _________ Proteins in cell membranes ________________ molecules help move ___________ _________ of cells in and out More about this in Chapters 7 and 11 Image from: http://bio.winona.msus.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/FacDiff.htm PROTEINS help in Transport HEMOGLOBIN _____________ in red blood cells ____________ carries oxygen ___________ to all ____ body cells Image from: http://www.cellsalive.com/pics/cover4.gif More about this in Chapter 11 PROTEINS help with MOVEMENT __________________ Images from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Arm_flex_supinate.jpg http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmito.html MUSCLES Body _________, ____________, and FLAGELLA __________________ MITOTIC SPINDLE are made of PROTEINS More about this in Chapters 7 and 10 HORMONES PROTEINS act as ___________ Eating food puts GLUCOSE in your bloodstream INSULIN ________________ is a protein hormone that controls blood sugar Image from: http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif INSULIN __________ causes cells to ________ store ________ glucose Insulin function image by Riedell using Glycogen image modified from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif MACROMOLECULES important to living things! 1._____________ Carbohydrates Proteins 2. _____________ Lipids 3. _____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) 4. _____________ Lipids are made mainly from Carbon Hydrogen __________ and ___________ few oxygen (very ___________ atoms) Images: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm Lipids: Fats or Triglycerides Saturated & Unsaturated Single Bond Double Bonds Kinked WHAT DO LIPIDS DO? Image from: http://www.umassmed.edu/diabeteshandbook/chap06.htm Lipids have 3 major roles: 1) To store energy 2) To form biological membranes 3) Chemical messengers Functions of Lipids Long term energy storage Insulation Coating Cushion Cell membrane Lipids examples of Lipids • • • • • Lard Butter Oil Waxes Steroids ___________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS (3 lipid tails + glycerol/phosphate head) Polar head ________ Non-polar _________ tails http://asm.wku.edu/pix/cells/P-lipid2.gif Arrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next Lipids: Phospholipids • PHOSPHOLIPIDS & STEROIDS join with PROTEINS to make cell membranes _______________________ Image from: http://www.borg.com/~lubehawk/cell.htm#plcell_dia_ques LIPIDS can be used to store energy _________ long term ________ Image from: http://blackmovie.us/movie/Fat.Albert/fat.albert.movie.jpg INSULATE LIPIDS __________ LIPIDS form myelin __________ (insulation nerve on ______ cells) http://www.roweindustries.com/braidless-wire.html http://www.alongnaturestrail.com/the_nervous_system.html LIPIDS insulate Help __________ maintain body heat ___________ (helps with homeostasis ___________) http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/imagedata/0,1658,5116542,00.jpg LIPIDS can be _____________ HORMONES STEROIDS ___________ like TESTOSTERONE _____________, ___________, and ESTROGEN PROGESTERONE _____________are steroid hormones involved in _____________ reproduction http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm Steroids: Four fused rings Sex hormone Needed to absorb Ca Anti-inflammatory Used to stabilize cell membranes Steroids • What are steroids used for? – To build muscle mass (androdiol- precursor to testosterone) – Anti-inflammatory – Sex hormones: Testosterone & Estrogen – Cortical (anti-inflammatory) vs. Androgenic (muscle mass) animation of anabolic steroids Waxes • Ear wax • Waxy layer on fruits and vegetables Used as a protective coating to keep out bacteria, microorganisms, etc. MACROMOLECULES important to living things! 1._____________ Carbohydrates Proteins 2. _____________ Lipids 3. _____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) Nucleic acids 4._____________ NUCLEIC ACIDS contain: are built from CARBON _______, NUCLEOTIDE ___________ HYDROGEN _________, subunits OXYGEN _______, PHOSPHORUS ___________ NITROGEN and ________ Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDES Image by: Riedell sugar Changing the _______ & and ____________ produces nitrogen base ___________nucleotide subunits different Arrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDES 2 SUGARS can be used: ____________ DEOXYRIBOSE DNA (_____) Sugars: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg Arrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next ________ RIBOSE RNA (____) 5 NITROGEN BASES ADENINE _____________ = A GUANINE _____________ = G CYTOSINE _____________ = C THYMINE _____________ = T (only in DNA) _____________ = U (only in RNA) URACIL MAKING DNA USES: _____ These Nitrogen bases: A, T, C, or G _____________ uracil NO __________ Sugars: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg Image by: Riedell SUGAR = _______________ DEOXYRIBOSE RNA uses” Making _____ These Nitrogen bases A, U, C, or G _____________ thymine NO __________ Sugars: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg Image by: Riedell SUGAR = __________ RIBOSE What kind of chemical reaction do you think is used to join nucleotide subunits to make nucleic acids? dehydration synthesis http://avery.rutgers.edu/WSSP/StudentScholars/project/archives/onions/orien.html 2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA= __________________ Deoxyribonucleic acid ______________ DOUBLE STRANDED SUBUNITS: A, T, G, C (No U) Image from: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg DNA molecule forms a HELIX or “twisted ladder” ADENINE bonds THYMINE __________ _________ with CYTOSINE GUANINE _________ bonds __________ with Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif 2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA= ________________ Ribonucleic acid SINGLE _________STRANDED Subunits: A, U, G, C (NO T) Image from: http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/biology/01.TU.03/illustrations/01.IL.09.gif WHAT DO NUCLEIC ACIDS DO? Image from: http://www.ohsu.edu/healthyaging/caregiving/images/food_pyramid.gif ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to Store and transport ENERGY _______________________ Image by: Riedell RIBOSE RIBOSE Sugar =_____________ ADENINE Nitrogen base =__________ 3 PHOSPHATE groups +___ More about this in Chapters 7, 8, 9,10, and 12 ATP Image from: http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif DNA _______ Stores _________ genetic __________ information in cells More about this in Chapters 7, 10, 11, 12, and 14 Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved RNA CARRIES INFORMATION _______________________ from DNA cell __________ out to________ PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Helps with _________________ Concept Map Section 2-3 Carbon Compounds include that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of which contain which contain which contain which contain Concept Map Section 2-3 Carbon Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen which contain which contain Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, Q U I Z • What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things? Give an example of each. • Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. • What are lipids? How are they important to living things? • Describe th structure of a protein/ • What is an enzyme? What is its function in living things? • Describe the structure and function of nucleic acids. What are two important nucleic acids?