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The 5 Big Ideas Evolution Viral Evolution Evolution Metabolism Transfer of Energy Ecosystems Systems Endocrinology Photosynthesis Transfer of Information Structure and Function Animal Behavior Cell Cycle Organ Structure Molecular Structure The 5 Big Ideas Evolution Viral Evolution Evolution Metabolism Transfer of Energy Ecosystems Systems Endocrinology Photosynthesis Transfer of Information Structure and Function Animal Behavior Cell Cycle Organ Structure Molecular Structure Food is Fuel! Energy Transfer & Metabolism Katie Mouzakis & Dr. Gary Diffee Learning Outcomes 1) You will be able to explain why a cell would need ATP 2) You will be able to explain how energy is stored for future use (short term and long term situations) 3) You will be able to put the different steps of metabolism into chronological order 4) You will understand how energy is used during endurance exercise 5) You will evaluate and predict how different energy supplements would affect a marathon runner if consumed during the race. You will create a written suggestion explaining whether or not a given race plan is likely to help the runner avoid hitting “the wall”. What is energy? • Energy exists in different forms but is neither created nor destroyed; it simply converts to another form. – Eg: kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, elastic, electromagnetic, chemical, nuclear, and mass. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Energy Why do we need energy? I’m asking you! Cells require energy to carry out normal functions. Cells are like mini-factories. Factories require energy to function. For the cell, that energy is in the form of ATP How do we get energy? Gas CO2 + H2O + mechanical energy + thermal energy (heat) Chemical potential energy We eat … Food Sugar CO2 + H2O + chemical energy (ATP) Fatty acids Amino acids Chemical potential energy Usable energy currency Energy “currency” and storage Currency Storage facility Stored form of currency In the body... ATP Muscle & Liver cells Adipose (fat) Glycogen triglycerides (fats) Energy “currency” and storage Currency Storage facility Stored form of currency Muscle & Liver cells Glycogen triglycerides (fats) In the body... ATP ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) Chemical energy is stored in the phosphate bond When that bond is broken, energy is released How do we use ATP? • Hydrolysis of ATP is coupled with unfavorable reactions reaction 1 (consumes energy) + ATP hydrolysis (releases energy) Net energy release (reaction 1 can proceed) How do we make ATP? Carbs Glycolysis (oxidation of glucose) - complete breakdown of glucose (requires O2) C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2840 kJ Energy/mol = 38 ATP from one Glucose molecule - breakdown to pyruvate (then to lactic acid) C6H12O6 Fats 2C3H4O3 + 146 kJ Energy/mol (only 5% of Energy of glucose released) = 2 ATP from one Glucose molecule Fatty Acid oxidation complete breakdown of one 16 Carbon Fatty Acid = 129 ATP Energy “currency” and storage Currency Storage facility Stored form of currency In the body... ATP Muscle & Liver cells Glycogen triglycerides (fats) How do we store energy? Glycogen Glucose is linked as a polymer for storage (liver and skeletal muscles) Fatty Acids Excess glucose is converted to fatty acids for long term storage in fat cells Activity: Strip Sequence! What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. Whil e you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly . When they reach a specifi c threshold, your brain releases a hormone signali ng for the synthesis of glucose. Wha t happens ne xt? Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles Glucose is absorbed by the brain You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage Activity: Strip Sequence! What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. Whil e you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly . When they reach a specifi c threshold, your brain releases a hormone signali ng for the synthesis of glucose. Wha t happens ne xt? Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles Glucose is absorbed by the brain 1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage Activity: Strip Sequence! What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. Whil e you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly . When they reach a specifi c threshold, your brain releases a hormone signali ng for the synthesis of glucose. Wha t happens ne xt? 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles Glucose is absorbed by the brain 1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage Activity: Strip Sequence! What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. Whil e you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly . When they reach a specifi c threshold, your brain releases a hormone signali ng for the synthesis of glucose. Wha t happens ne xt? 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles 3 1 Glucose is absorbed by the brain You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage Activity: Strip Sequence! What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. Whil e you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly . When they reach a specifi c threshold, your brain releases a hormone signali ng for the synthesis of glucose. Wha t happens ne xt? 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles 3 1 Glucose is absorbed by the brain 4 The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage Activity: Strip Sequence! What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. Whil e you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly . When they reach a specifi c threshold, your brain releases a hormone signali ng for the synthesis of glucose. Wha t happens ne xt? 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level 5 3 1 Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles 4 The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP Glucose is absorbed by the brain You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage Activity: Strip Sequence! What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. Whil e you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly . When they reach a specifi c threshold, your brain releases a hormone signali ng for the synthesis of glucose. Wha t happens ne xt? 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level 5 3 1 Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles 4 The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP Glucose is absorbed by the brain You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis 6 Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage Activity: Strip Sequence! What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. Whil e you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly . When they reach a specifi c threshold, your brain releases a hormone signali ng for the synthesis of glucose. Wha t happens ne xt? 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level 5 3 1 Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles 4 7 6 The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP Glucose is absorbed by the brain You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage Guest Speaker- Dr. Gary Diffee Exercise Metabolism Where do we get the ATP? From the breakdown of Carbohydrates and Fats DURING exercise Glycogen Glucose Stored Triglycerides Free Fatty Acids Pyruvate Lacate Acetyl CoA (done getting energy out) (can proceed to complete breakdown) No Oxygen Partial Oxidation of Glucose Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Mitochondria Oxygen ATP Scoreboard 2 ATP ATP 38 ATP 129 ATP Complete Oxidation of Glucose Complete Oxidation of 1 Fatty Acid Molecule Glycogen versus Blood Glucose as Energy source Long duration Exercise - Limited Muscle Glycogen stores - When it runs out (or gets low), Blood Glucose is our only Carbohydrate Source - What do we do then for Fuel? Effects of Training 100% - Carbohydrate Percent Fuel utilization Fat Rest Exercise Intensity Maximal Exercise Effects of Training 100% - Carbohydrate Percent Fuel utilization Fat Rest Exercise Intensity Maximal Exercise Effects of Training % Fuel utilization 100% - Fat = No Effect = Rest % Fuel utilization 100% - % Fuel utilization Exercise Intensity Fat Rest 100% - Carbohydrate Carbohydrate Exercise Intensity Fat Rest Maximal Exercise Maximal Exercise Carbohydrate Exercise Intensity = Increased Fat usage = a b = Increased Carb usage = Maximal Exercise Variable between individuals = c d Training adaptations that impact Fuel Utilization - Improved Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function = improved ability to get Oxygen to muscles - Increased number and size of muscle mitochondria = improved ability to do aerobic ATP production Net result = improved ability to utilize FAT for ATP supply = Glycogen sparing = Increased Glycogen stores