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The 5 Big Ideas
Evolution
Viral Evolution
Evolution
Metabolism
Transfer of
Energy
Ecosystems
Systems
Endocrinology
Photosynthesis
Transfer of
Information
Structure
and Function
Animal Behavior
Cell Cycle
Organ
Structure
Molecular
Structure
The 5 Big Ideas
Evolution
Viral Evolution
Evolution
Metabolism
Transfer of
Energy
Ecosystems
Systems
Endocrinology
Photosynthesis
Transfer of
Information
Structure
and Function
Animal Behavior
Cell Cycle
Organ
Structure
Molecular
Structure
Food is Fuel!
Energy Transfer & Metabolism
Katie Mouzakis & Dr. Gary Diffee
Learning Outcomes
1) You will be able to explain why a cell would need ATP
2) You will be able to explain how energy is stored for
future use (short term and long term situations)
3) You will be able to put the different steps of metabolism
into chronological order
4) You will understand how energy is used during
endurance exercise
5) You will evaluate and predict how different energy
supplements would affect a marathon runner if
consumed during the race. You will create a written
suggestion explaining whether or not a given race plan is
likely to help the runner avoid hitting “the wall”.
What is energy?
• Energy exists in different forms but is neither created
nor destroyed; it simply converts to another form.
– Eg: kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, elastic,
electromagnetic, chemical, nuclear, and mass.
http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Energy
Why do we need energy?
I’m asking you!
Cells require energy to carry out normal
functions.
Cells are like mini-factories.
Factories require energy to
function.
For the cell, that energy is
in the form of ATP
How do we get energy?
Gas
CO2 + H2O + mechanical energy
+ thermal energy (heat)
Chemical
potential
energy
We eat …
Food
Sugar
CO2 + H2O + chemical energy (ATP)
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Chemical
potential
energy
Usable energy currency
Energy “currency” and storage
Currency
Storage facility
Stored form
of currency
In the body...
ATP
Muscle &
Liver cells
Adipose (fat)
Glycogen
triglycerides (fats)
Energy “currency” and storage
Currency
Storage facility
Stored form
of currency
Muscle &
Liver cells
Glycogen
triglycerides (fats)
In the body...
ATP
ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate)
Chemical energy is stored in the phosphate bond
When that bond is broken, energy is released
How do we use ATP?
• Hydrolysis of ATP is coupled with
unfavorable reactions
reaction 1 (consumes energy)
+ ATP hydrolysis (releases energy)
Net energy release (reaction 1 can proceed)
How do we make ATP?
Carbs
Glycolysis (oxidation of glucose)
- complete breakdown of glucose (requires O2)
C6H12O6
6CO2 + 6H2O + 2840 kJ Energy/mol
= 38 ATP from one Glucose molecule
- breakdown to pyruvate (then to lactic acid)
C6H12O6
Fats
2C3H4O3 + 146 kJ Energy/mol (only 5%
of Energy of glucose released)
= 2 ATP from one Glucose molecule
Fatty Acid oxidation
complete breakdown of one 16 Carbon Fatty Acid
= 129 ATP
Energy “currency” and storage
Currency
Storage facility
Stored form
of currency
In the body...
ATP
Muscle &
Liver cells
Glycogen
triglycerides (fats)
How do we store energy?
Glycogen
Glucose is linked as a
polymer for storage
(liver and skeletal
muscles)
Fatty Acids
Excess glucose is
converted to fatty acids for
long term storage in fat cells
Activity: Strip Sequence!
What happened to your breakfast?
In the morning you wake up hungry. Whil e you were sleeping (fasting), your brain
continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly .
When they reach a specifi c threshold, your brain releases a hormone signali ng for the
synthesis of glucose. Wha t happens ne xt?
Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive
system, increasing the blood glucose level
Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles
Glucose is absorbed by the brain
You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is
digested and converted into glucose monomers
The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP
Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage
Activity: Strip Sequence!
What happened to your breakfast?
In the morning you wake up hungry. Whil e you were sleeping (fasting), your brain
continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly .
When they reach a specifi c threshold, your brain releases a hormone signali ng for the
synthesis of glucose. Wha t happens ne xt?
Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive
system, increasing the blood glucose level
Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles
Glucose is absorbed by the brain
1
You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is
digested and converted into glucose monomers
The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP
Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage
Activity: Strip Sequence!
What happened to your breakfast?
In the morning you wake up hungry. Whil e you were sleeping (fasting), your brain
continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly .
When they reach a specifi c threshold, your brain releases a hormone signali ng for the
synthesis of glucose. Wha t happens ne xt?
2
Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive
system, increasing the blood glucose level
Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles
Glucose is absorbed by the brain
1
You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is
digested and converted into glucose monomers
The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP
Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage
Activity: Strip Sequence!
What happened to your breakfast?
In the morning you wake up hungry. Whil e you were sleeping (fasting), your brain
continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly .
When they reach a specifi c threshold, your brain releases a hormone signali ng for the
synthesis of glucose. Wha t happens ne xt?
2
Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive
system, increasing the blood glucose level
Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles
3
1
Glucose is absorbed by the brain
You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is
digested and converted into glucose monomers
The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP
Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage
Activity: Strip Sequence!
What happened to your breakfast?
In the morning you wake up hungry. Whil e you were sleeping (fasting), your brain
continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly .
When they reach a specifi c threshold, your brain releases a hormone signali ng for the
synthesis of glucose. Wha t happens ne xt?
2
Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive
system, increasing the blood glucose level
Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles
3
1
Glucose is absorbed by the brain
4
The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP
You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is
digested and converted into glucose monomers
Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage
Activity: Strip Sequence!
What happened to your breakfast?
In the morning you wake up hungry. Whil e you were sleeping (fasting), your brain
continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly .
When they reach a specifi c threshold, your brain releases a hormone signali ng for the
synthesis of glucose. Wha t happens ne xt?
2
Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive
system, increasing the blood glucose level
5
3
1
Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles
4
The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP
Glucose is absorbed by the brain
You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is
digested and converted into glucose monomers
Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage
Activity: Strip Sequence!
What happened to your breakfast?
In the morning you wake up hungry. Whil e you were sleeping (fasting), your brain
continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly .
When they reach a specifi c threshold, your brain releases a hormone signali ng for the
synthesis of glucose. Wha t happens ne xt?
2
Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive
system, increasing the blood glucose level
5
3
1
Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles
4
The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP
Glucose is absorbed by the brain
You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is
digested and converted into glucose monomers
Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
6
Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage
Activity: Strip Sequence!
What happened to your breakfast?
In the morning you wake up hungry. Whil e you were sleeping (fasting), your brain
continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly .
When they reach a specifi c threshold, your brain releases a hormone signali ng for the
synthesis of glucose. Wha t happens ne xt?
2
Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive
system, increasing the blood glucose level
5
3
1
Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles
4
7
6
The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP
Glucose is absorbed by the brain
You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is
digested and converted into glucose monomers
Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage
Guest Speaker- Dr. Gary
Diffee
Exercise Metabolism
Where do we get the ATP?
From the breakdown of Carbohydrates and
Fats DURING exercise
Glycogen
Glucose
Stored Triglycerides
Free Fatty Acids
Pyruvate
Lacate
Acetyl CoA
(done getting
energy out)
(can proceed to
complete
breakdown)
No Oxygen
Partial
Oxidation of
Glucose
Krebs Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
Mitochondria
Oxygen
ATP Scoreboard
2 ATP
ATP
38 ATP
129 ATP
Complete
Oxidation of
Glucose
Complete
Oxidation of
1 Fatty Acid
Molecule
Glycogen versus Blood Glucose as Energy source
Long duration Exercise
- Limited Muscle Glycogen stores
- When it runs out (or gets low), Blood Glucose is our only
Carbohydrate Source
- What do we do then for Fuel?
Effects of Training
100% -
Carbohydrate
Percent Fuel utilization
Fat
Rest
Exercise Intensity
Maximal
Exercise
Effects of Training
100% -
Carbohydrate
Percent Fuel utilization
Fat
Rest
Exercise Intensity
Maximal
Exercise
Effects of Training
% Fuel utilization
100% -
Fat
= No Effect =
Rest
% Fuel utilization
100% -
% Fuel utilization
Exercise Intensity
Fat
Rest
100% -
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate
Exercise Intensity
Fat
Rest
Maximal Exercise
Maximal Exercise
Carbohydrate
Exercise Intensity
= Increased
Fat usage =
a
b
= Increased
Carb usage =
Maximal Exercise
Variable between individuals =
c
d
Training adaptations that impact Fuel Utilization
- Improved Cardiovascular and Respiratory
Function
= improved ability to get Oxygen to
muscles
- Increased number and size of muscle
mitochondria
= improved ability to do aerobic ATP
production
Net result = improved ability to utilize FAT for ATP supply
= Glycogen sparing
= Increased Glycogen stores