Download Regents Review 2.0 Living Environment PowerPoint Presentation

Regents Review Live!
Living Environment Regents
Review
Ms. Foley
Henninger High School
Syracuse, New York
Be Prepared on Exam Day!
• Bring to Test Site:
–
Identification (student id, drivers license,
etc.)
– 2 Pens
– 2 Pencils
•
•
•
•
Get a Good Nights Sleep
Eat Breakfast!
Start Studying Now!
Be Confident in Yourself!
Review Ideas
• Review Books: available at bookstores,
libraries or ask your teacher.
• Review Classes: Listen to your teacher for
review sessions.
• Online Resources:
http://www.nysedregents.org/LivingEnvironment
• Take 3 Complete exams BEFORE Your
Test!
Living Environment Regents Format
• Part A : Multiple Choice
Consists of approximately 30 multiple choice questions, that test
you on specific factual information.
• Part B 1 : Multiple Choice
Various questions that test your knowledge of experimental
data, analysis of scientific information and representations of
biological phenomena.
• Part B 2 : Free Response and Multiple Choice
Questions on interpretation of data and a graph is included here!
• Part C : Free Response
May be a one word response, one sentence or multiple sentences.
• Part D : Free Response and Multiple Choice
Various questions based on the 4 mandated state labs.
Read the
Question
Carefully!
• Read the whole
question, think of your
answer BEFORE you
read the choices.
Multiple Choice
Which structures are listed in order from the
least complex to the most complex?
(1) plant cell, leaf, chloroplast, rose bush
(2) chloroplast, plant cell, leaf, rose bush
(3) chloroplast, leaf, plant cell, rose bush
(4) rose bush, leaf, plant cell, chloroplast
Key Terms &
Phrases
Underline the key
terms and phrases of the
question.
•Remember take your
Time!
Multiple Choice
•
Which reproductive pattern would be associated
with a species that is most likely to undergo
rapid evolutionary change?
(1) asexual reproduction with a short
reproductive cycle
(2) sexual reproduction with a short
reproductive cycle
(3) asexual reproduction with a long
reproductive cycle
(4) sexual reproduction with a long
reproductive cycle
Read ALL the
Choices
Multiple Choice
• Read the answer
choices slowly and
carefully.
•Cross out the
answers you know
are wrong.
Abiotic factors that affect the growth
of grass in a lawn include
(1) bacteria and soil
(2) earthworms and nutrients
(3) moisture and minerals
(4) fertilizer and decomposers
Brief Review: Ecology!
•
•
•
•
Abiotic vs. Biotic Factors
Autotroph vs. Heterotroph
Food Chains and Food Webs
Energy Pyramids
Practice Questions
Organisms that are able to manufacture
organic nutrients from substances in the
abiotic environment are classified as
(1) heterotrophs (3) predators
(2) fungi
(4) autotrophs
More Practice
If the population of mice is reduced by
disease, which change will most likely
occur in the food web?
1)The cricket population will increase.
2)The snake population will increase.
3)The grasses will decrease.
4)The deer population will decrease.
One More Question…
Which graph best represents the relative energy content of the levels of this pyramid?
1)
2)
3)
4)
Brief Review: Human Impact
• Humans have a had a NEGATIVE impact
on the environment.
• Issues: Deforestation, Acid Rain, Loss of
Biodiversity, Pollution, Global Warming,
etc.
• How to Correct? Make Laws or Educate
Question Time
Which human activity would most
likely deplete finite resources?
(1) use of natural enemies to
eliminate insect pests
(2) development of wildlife
refuges
(3) governmental restriction of
industrial pollution
(4) uncontrolled population growth
One possible reason for the rise
in the average air temperature at
Earth’s surface is that
(1) decomposers are being
destroyed
(2) deforestation has increased
the levels of oxygen in the
atmosphere
(3) industrialization has increased
the amount of carbon dioxide
in the air
(4) growing crops is depleting the
ozone shield
Brief Review: Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
Meiosis
• Occurs in body cells or somatic
cells.
• Results in 2 genetically
identically daughter cells.
• Occurs in sex cells or
gametes.
• Results in 4 genetically
different daughter cells.
• The daughter cells have ½ the
amount of genetic information
Practice Questions
The arrows in the diagram below illustrate processes in the life of a
species
that reproduces sexually.
Which processes result directly in the formation of cells with half the
amount
of genetic material that is characteristic of the species
1. processes 1 and 2
2. processes 2 and 3
3. processes 3 and 4
4. processes 4 and 5
More Questions
The chromosome content of a skin cell that is about to form two new skin cells is
represented in the diagram to the below.
Which diagram below best represents the chromosomes that would be found in the
two new skin cells produced as a result of this process?
1)
2)
3)
4)
One More Question
Sexual reproduction involves the processes listed below.
Processes
A. Differentiation
B. Fertilization
C. Gamete production
D. Mitosis
Which sequence represents the order in which these processes occur?
(1) A → B → C → D
(2) B → A → C → D
(3) C → B → D → A
(4) D → B → C → A
Brief Review: DNA
• Contains genetic
information (heredity)
• Regulates the cell’s
activities
• Located in the Nucleus
• Double Helix Model:
A, T, C and G (4 bases)
• Environment can
Influence the
EXPRESSION of the
Genes
Practice Questions
The instructions for the traits of an
organism are coded in the
arrangement of:
1) glucose units in carbohydrate molecules
2) bases in DNA in the nucleus
3)fat molecules in the cell membrane
4)energy-rich bonds in starch molecules
More Questions
A boy inherits genes for tallness, but his growth
is limited as a result of poor nutrition. This is an
example of
(1) an inherited disorder
(2) environmental influence on gene expression
(3) expression of a hidden trait
(4) a characteristic controlled by more than one
pair of genes
One More Question
The diagram shows a molecule of
DNA. What occurs in the process
of replication?
1) Structure 1 is hydrolyzed.
2) Chemical bonds are broken in
region 2.
3) Structure 3 is synthesized.
4) Proteins are formed in region 2.
Picture Time
Protein Synthesis
Brief Review: Protein Synthesis
• mRNA travels to the nucleus to transcribe the
information in the DNA
• mRNA travels through the cytoplasm to the
RIBOSOME
• Translation begins at the start codon
• tRNA brings the anticodon whose bases are
COMPLEMENTARY to the mRNA
• Protein chain grows until the stop codon is
reached
Question Time
1) The diagram shows protein
synthesis that occurs within cells. The
process represented in the diagram
occurs on the cell organelle known as
a
1. vacuole
3. chloroplast
2. ribosome
4. mitochondrion
2) The diagram shows a joining of two
amino acids that occurs within cells.
The process represented in the
diagram is
1. lipid digestion
3. protein synthesis
2. cell respiration
4. protein hydrolysis
More Questions!
Base your answer on the diagram
which represents a biochemical
process that occurs in a cell and your
knowledge of biology. A change in the
region labeled Y from U-C-G to U-G-C
would most likely cause
1) the synthesis of a different protein
2) polyploidy
3) the formation of recombinant DNA
4) crossing-over
Brief Review: Biotechnology
• Recombinant DNA
• Cloning
• DNA Electrophoresis
Question Time
Which statement concerning Dolly
is correct?
1) Gametes from sheep A and sheep
B were united to produce Dolly.
2) The chromosome makeup of Dolly
is identical to that of sheep A.
3) Both Dolly and sheep C have
identical DNA.
4) Dolly contains genes from sheep B
and sheep C.
More Questions
A product of genetic engineering
Technology is represented below.
Which substance was needed to
join the insulin gene to the
bacterial DNA as shown?
1.a specific carbohydrate
2.a specific enzyme
3.hormones
4.antibodies
The flounder is a species of fish that
can live in very cold water. The fish
produces an “antifreeze” protein that
prevents ice crystals from forming in
its blood. The DNA for this protein has
been identified. An enzyme is used to
cut and remove this section of flounder
DNA that is then spliced into the DNA
of a strawberry plant. As a result, the
plant can now produce a protein that
makes it more resistant to the
damaging effects of frost. This process
is known as
1) sorting of genes
2) genetic engineering
3) recombination of chromosomes
4) mutation by deletion of genetic material
Tips & Tricks for Graphing!
• Identify the variables to be graphed
- Independent Variable & Dependent
Variable
• Determine the scale of the axes
- Determine each axis individually
• Plot Data
• Connect the Data Points
• Provide a Title
Graphing Practice!
Part C: Short Answer Response
•
•
•
•
Read the question CAREFULLY & SLOWLY
Identify what the question is asking!
Pay attention to the bullets!
Answer the bulleted statements in your
response.
• When finished with your answer proof it before
you move on!
• Questions can be on various subjects: scientific
method, body systems, human impact, etc.
Question Time
Plants respond to their environment in many
different ways. Design an experiment to test the
effects of one environmental factor, chosen from the
list below, on plant growth.
Acidity of precipitation
Temperature
Amount of water
In your answer, be sure to:
• identify the environmental factor you chose
• state one hypothesis the experiment would
test [1]
• state how the control group would be treated
differently from the experimental group [1]
• state two factors that must be kept the same
in both the experimental and control groups [1]
• identify the independent variable in the
experiment [1]
• label the columns on the data table below for
the collection of data in your experiment [1]
Environmental factor: ____________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
Data Table
Another Question!
Base your answers to questions 65 through 67 on the information below
and on your knowledge of biology. Vaccines play an important role in the ability
of the body to resist certain diseases.
65) Describe the contents of a vaccine. [1]
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
66) Identify the system in the body that is most directly affected by a
vaccination.[1]
________________________________________
67) Explain how a vaccination results in the long-term ability of the body to
resist disease. [1]
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
One More for Practice!
Humans have many interactions with
the environment. Briefly describe how
human activities can affect the
environment of organisms living 50
years from now. In your answer, be
sure to:
•identify one human activity that could
release chemicals harmful to the
environment [1]
• identify the chemical released by the
activity [1]
• state one effect the release of this
chemical would most likely have on
future ecosystems [1]
• state one way in which humans can
reduce the production of this chemical
to lessen its effect on future
ecosystems [1]
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
Part D: State Lab Questions
Beak of Finches State Lab
• Key Terms: Variation, Natural Selection, Adaptations, Competition,
Struggle for Survival and Selecting Agent
• Key Points:
- Species Evolve over Time.
- Some Characteristics/ Variations give individuals an advantage
over others. Better adapted individuals are more likely to survive and
reproduce.
- Variation can be caused by mutations, genetic recombination
- Variation within a population increases the survival rate of the
species when environmental changes occur.
Beaks of Finches
Identify one bird that would most
likely compete for food with the
large tree finch. Support your
answer.________________________
__________________________________
Identify one trait, other than beak
characteristics, that would contribute to the
survival of a finch species and state
one way this trait contributes to
the success of this species.
_________________________________
_________________________________
Biodiversity Lab
• Key Terms: Biodiversity, Gel Electrophoresis, DNA, RNA, Amino
Acids, Chromatography
• Key Points:
- Biodiversity Increases the Stability of Ecosystems
- Biodiversity has benefits to mankind: new medicine, food sources
• Key Techniques:
- Chromatography
- Gel Electrophoresis
- Translating Amino Acids
Question Time
Use the Genetic Code Chart to Fill in the Missing Parts
Species
A
DNA
RNA
Amino
CCG
GGC
GLY
TGC
ACG
THR
ATA
UAU
TYR
CAG
GUC
VAL
GTA
CAU
HIS
Acid
Species
B
DNA
RNA
Amino
Acid
TGC
____
THR
TGC
____
THR
ATA
_____
TYR
CAG
____
VAL
GTA
____
HIS
Species
C
DNA
RNA
Amino
Acid
CCG
GGC
____
TGC
ACG
____
ATA
UAU
_____
CAG
GUC
____
GTT
CAA
____
Species
D
DNA
RNA
Amino
Acid
CCT
GGA
GLY
TGT
ACA
THR
ATG
UAC
TYR
CAC
GUG
VAL
GTC
CAG
GLN
According to these amino acid sequences, why are
species C and D the most closely related?
____________________________________
DNA Electrophoresis
2) This laboratory technique is known
as
(1) gel electrophoresis
(2) DNA replication
(3) protein synthesis
(4) genetic recombination
1) This technique used to analyze DNA directly
results in
(1) synthesizing large fragments of DNA
(2) separating DNA fragments on the basis of
size
(3) producing genetically engineered DNA
Molecules
(4) removing the larger DNA fragments from the
samples
3) State one specific way the results
of this laboratory technique could be
used. [1]
______________________________
Diffusion Through a Membrane
•
•
Key Terms: Diffusion, Osmosis, Selectively Permeable, Cell Membrane
Key Points Part 1:
- Molecules tend to move from areas of high concentration to low.
(Diffusion)
- Membranes allow certain materials to pass through (Selectively
Permeable)
- Indicators are used to show the presence of certain materials
Diffusion Through a Membrane
• Key Points Part 2:
- You observed basic parts of an onion cell
- Osmosis is the term used to describe the diffusion of water
molecules
Diffusion Through a Membrane
•
When salt water is added, the cytoplasm and cell
membrane shrivels and becomes darker in color inside
the cell wall. This is due to the water leaving the cell.
•
When distilled water is added, the cytoplasm and cell
membrane swell back up to fill the entire space. Also,
the cytoplasm lightens in color. This is due to water
entering the cell.
Question Time
.
A model of a cell is prepared and placed in
A beaker of fluid as shown in the
diagram below. The letters A, B, and C
represent substances in the initial
experimental setup
The table below summarizes the content and
appearance of the cell model and beaker after 20 minutes.
Supply the information needed to complete the
table below which summarizes a change in
location of substance C in the experimental
setup
Name of
Substance C
Direction of
Movement for
Substance C
Reason for
Movement of
Substance C
More Questions
Base your answer to this question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of
biology. The diagram illustrates what happens when a particular solution is added to a
wet-mount slide containing red onion cells being observed using a compound light
microscope.
Identify a process that caused the change in the cells.
______________________________________________________________________
Making Connections
•
•
Key Vocabulary: Observation, Pulse Rate, Muscle Fatigue,
Controlled Experiment
Key Points:
- Part A: Finding the Pulse Rate & Creating a Histogram of Class
Results.
- Part A2: How does Fatigue Affect Muscle Performance?
- Part B: Investigating Claims & Designing an Experiment
Practice Questions
The data table below compares blood flow in various human body structures, both at rest
and during strenuous exercise.
Structure
Blood Flow at
Rest
mL/min
Blood Flow
During Strenuous
Exercise
mL/min
Heart
250
750
Skeletal Muscle
1200
12,500
Digestive Organs
1400
600
Select one structure from the data table and write its name in the space
below. Explain one way that the change in the rate of blood flow in this
structure helps maintain homeostasis during exercise.
Structure
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
More Questions
Students were asked to determine if they could squeeze a clothespin more
times in a minute after resting than after exercising. An experiment that
accurately tests this question should include all of the following except
(1) a hypothesis on which to base the design of the experiment
(2) a large number of students
(3) two sets of clothespins, one that is easy to open and one that is more
difficult to open
(4) a control group and an experimental group with equal numbers of students
of approximately the same age
More Practice!
Which statement best describes a change that usually takes place in
the human body when the heart rate increases as a result of exercise?
(1) More oxygen is delivered to muscle cells.
(2) Blood cells are excreted at a faster rate.
(3) The rate of digestion increases.
(4) No hormones are produced.
Remember……
•
•
•
•
Be Prepared!
Take Your Time!
Read the Questions Carefully!
Be Confident!