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AP Biology Review Session 2
Concept Check
•The cell is sometimes described as a protein factory. Using the cell-asfactory analogy, which of the following accurately describes the
functions of the endomembrane system?
1)
The ribosomes on the rough
endoplasmic reticulum are
analogous to a production
line in a factory.
2)
The golgi apparatus is
analogous to the packaging
and shipping department.
3)
The nucleus is analogous to
management offices.
4)
All of the above.
Concept Check
•The three domains of life described by biologists today
include the bacteria, the archaea and the eukarya (all
other forms of life). What is the principle difference
between the eukarya or eukaryotes and the prokaryotes
(archaea and bacteria)?
• The prokaryotes do not have a plasma membrane
surrounding the cell.
• The prokaryotes use RNA and not DNA to pass on
the genetic message.
• The eukaryotes have the interior of the cell divided
by internal membranes into specialized
compartments.
• The eukaryotes engage in cellular metabolism while
the prokaryotes do not.
Chapter 4
$100 Question
• A _________ is an example of a unicellular organism.
•
•
•
•
a. cat
b. pine tree
c. fish
d. protist
ANSWER
Chapter 4
$200 Question
• Bacterial cells are prokaryotic. Unlike a typical eukaryotic cell, they
__________.
•
•
•
•
a. lack a nucleus
b. have a smaller nucleus
c. lack a plasma membrane
d. Have more internal membranous compartments
ANSWER
Chapter 4
$300 Question
• __________ are the major lipids of plasma membranes.
•
•
•
•
a. Triglycerides
b. Phospholipids
c. Fatty acids
d. Steroids
ANSWER
Chapter 4
$400 Question
• Which of these pairs of organelles are responsible for energy
conversion?
•
•
•
•
a. mitochondrion and chloroplast
b. vacuole and ribosome
c. centriole and lysosome
d. Golgi apparatus and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ANSWER
Chapter 4
$500 Question
• Information is transferred from the cell nucleus to ribosomes via the
molecule __________.
•
•
•
•
a. RNA
b. rER
c. sER
d. DNA
ANSWER
a.
l.
b.
c.
k.
j.
i.
h.
d.
g.
e.
f.
1. Describe microscopes and their importance in viewing cellular structure
2. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
3. Describe the structure of cell membranes and how membrane structure
relates to function
4. Discuss ways that cellular organelles are involved in the manufacture and
breakdown of important cellular molecules
5. List cell structures involved in manufacture and breakdown of important
cellular materials
6. Describe the function of each cellular organelle that is involved in
manufacture and breakdown of important cellular materials
7. List cell structures involved in energy conversion
8. Describe the function of each cellular organelle that is involved in energy
conversion
9. List cell structures involved in internal and external support of cells
10. Describe the function of each cellular organelle that is involved in internal
and external support of the cell
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concept Check
•This diagram represents osmosis of water
across a semipermeable membrane. The Utube on the right shows the results of the
osmosis. What could you do to level the
solutions in the two sides of the right hand
U-tube?
•
Add more water to the left hand side.
•
Add more water to the right hand side.
•
Add more solute to the left hand side.
•
Add more solute to the right hand side.
Concept Check
•Membranes organize cell activities. The proteins
imbedded in the membranes are essential to their
function. These membrane proteins have properties
that allow them to “float” in the membrane. Which of
the following describe those properties?
• The surface region of the protein in the interior of
the membrane is mostly hydrophobic.
• The surface region of the protein in the interior of
the membrane is mostly hydrophillic.
• The surface region exposed to the outer environment
is hydrophobic.
• The surface region exposed to the interior
environment is hydrophobic.
Concept Check
•Enzymes catalyze the many reactions in a
cell. There are hundreds of different enzymes
in a cell—each with a unique threedimensional shape. Why do cells have so
many different enzymes?
•
Each enzyme molecule can only be
used once.
•
The shape of enzyme’s active site
generally fits a specific substrate.
•
The substrate molecules react with
enzymes to create new enzymes.
•
Enzymes are randomly produced. With
thousands of different shapes—one is
likely to work.
Chapter 5
$100 Question
• Which of the following is a measure of disorder?
•
•
•
•
a. entropy
b. kinetic energy
c. potential energy
d. respiration
ANSWER
Chapter 5
$200 Question
• A(n) _____________ is the amount of energy that raises the
temperature of 1 g of water by 1° C.
•
•
•
•
a. calorie
b. ATP
c. entropy
d. enzyme
ANSWER
Chapter 5
$300 Question
• Molecules of food and gasoline contain a special form of potential
energy called __________ energy, due to the arrangement of their
atoms.
•
•
•
•
a. kinetic
b. ionic
c. covalent
d. chemical
ANSWER
Chapter 5
$400 Question
• Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by ________.
• a. decreasing activation energy
• b. changing the pH
• c. increasing the temperature
of the substances
• d. contributing water
to the reaction
ANSWER
Chapter 5
$500 Question
• Osmosis is _____________.
• a. the diffusion of nonpolar materials
• b. the diffusion of water across a
semi-permeable membrane
• c. the diffusion of a solute
• d. active transport
ANSWER
Diffusion
Requires no energy
Requires energy
Passive transport
Active transport
Facilitated
diffusion
Higher solute concentration
Osmosis
Higher water
concentration
Higher solute
concentration
Solute
Water
Lower solute
concentration
Lower water
concentration
Lower solute
concentration
ATP cycle
Energy from
exergonic
reactions
Energy for
endergonic
reactions
Molecules cross
cell membranes
by
by
passive
transport
may be
(a)
moving
down
moving
against
requires
(b)
uses
diffusion
of
(c)
(d)
uses
of
polar molecules
and ions
(e)
c.
b.
a.
d.
f.
e.
You should now be able to
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Describe the cell membrane within the context of the fluid mosaic
model
Explain how spontaneous formation of a membrane could have been
important in the origin of life
Describe the passage of materials across a membrane with no
energy expenditure
Explain how osmosis plays a role in maintenance of a cell
Explain how an imbalance in water between the cell and its
environment affects the cell
Describe membrane proteins that facilitate transport of materials
across the cell membrane without expenditure of energy
Discuss how energy-requiring transport proteins move substances
across the cell membrane
Distinguish between exocytosis and endocytosis and list similarities
between the two
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
You should now be able to
9. Explain how energy is transformed during life processes
10. Define the two laws of thermodynamics and explain how
they relate to biological systems
11. Explain how a chemical reaction can either release
energy or store energy
12. Describe ATP and explain why it is considered to be the
energy currency of a cell
13. Define enzyme and explain how enzymes cause a
chemical reaction to speed up
14. Discuss the specificity of enzymes
15. Distinguish between competitive inhibitors and
noncompetitive inhibitors
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concept Check
•Some prokaryotic and all eukaryotic cells use oxygen to harvest energy
from food molecules? In what form is that energy available to power
cell work?
•
Heat and light.
•
Glucose molecules.
•
Fat molecules.
•
ATP molecules.
Concept Check
•Fat molecules store 9 Kcal per gram.
There are about 454 grams in a
pound of fat so that means that one
pound of fat stores about 4,000 Kcal
of energy. Based on the chart of
energy consumption, which of the
following would “burn off” a pound
of fat, assuming your normal
activities consumed calories equal to
the rate of your calorie intake?
• Running 7 miles
• Swimming 2 miles
• Walking 27 miles
• Running about 40 miles
Concept Check
•The figure above represents an overview of the different processes
of cellular respiration. Which of the following correctly identifies the
different processes?
•
1. Glycolysis; 2. Electron transport chain; 3. Krebs cycle
•
1. Glycolysis; 2. Krebs cycle; 3. Electron transport chain
•
1. Krebs cycle; 2. Electron transport chain; 3. Glycolysis
•
1. Electron transport chain; 2. Glycolysis; 3. Krebs cycle
Concept Check
The figure above represents an overview
of the different entry pathways to cellular
respiration when different
macromolecules are digested for energy
production. Why are none of the
digestive products entering the electron
transport chain, directly?
•
The electron transport chain is too deeply embedded in the
mitochondria.
•
The electron transport chain only receives electrons carried by
reduced electron carrier molecules such as NADH.
•
The electron transport chain only receives electrons carried by
oxidized electron carrier molecules such as NAD+.
•
The electron transport chain does not produce ATP.
Chapter 6
$100 Question
• The molecule _________ is the main source of energy used to drive
chemical reactions in cells.
•
•
•
•
a. lactic acid
b. ATP
c. carbon dioxide
d. DNA
ANSWER
Chapter 6
$200 Question
• ____________ is the anaerobic harvest of food energy.
•
•
•
•
a. Electron transport
b. Cellular respiration
c. Photosynthesis
d. Fermentation
ANSWER
Chapter 6
$300 Question
• Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
•
•
•
•
a. outside the mitochondria
b. in the endoplasmic reticulum
c. in the fluid of the mitochondria
d. on the outer mitochondrial membrane
ANSWER
Chapter 6
$400 Question
• The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ________.
•
•
•
•
a. ATP
b. oxygen
c. carbon dioxide
d. lactic acid
ANSWER
Chapter 6
$500 Question
• What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric
acid cycle?
•
•
•
•
a. acetyl CoA
b. lactic acid
c. ethyl alcohol
d. NADH
ANSWER
ATP needed to drive biosynthesis
ATP
CITRIC
ACID
CYCLE
GLUCOSE SYNTHESIS
Acetyl
CoA
Pyruvate
G3P
Glucose
Amino
groups
Amino acids
Proteins
Fatty acids
Glycerol
Fats
Cells, tissues, organisms
Sugars
Carbohydrates
Cytoplasm
NADH
Mitochondrion
NADH and FADH2
Glycolysis
Glucose
Pyruvate
CO2
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation
(Electron Transport
and Chemiosmosis)
Citric
acid
cycle
CO2
ATP
ATP
Cellular
respiration
generates
has three stages
oxidizes
uses
ATP
produce
some
glucose and
organic fuels
(a)
C6H12O6
energy for
produces
many
(b)
(d)
to pull
electrons down
(c)
cellular work
by process called
H+ diffuse
through
ATP synthase
chemiosmosis
uses
(f)
uses
(e)
pumps H+ to create
H+ gradient
to
You should now be able to
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are necessary to
provide energy that is required to sustain your life
Explain why breathing is necessary to support cellular respiration
Describe how cellular respiration produces energy that can be stored
in ATP
Explain why ATP is required for human activities
Describe the process of energy production from movement of
electrons
List and describe the three main stages of cellular respiration
Describe the major steps of glycolysis and explain why glycolysis is
considered to be a metabolic pathway
Explain how pyruvate is altered to enter the citric acid cycle and why
coenzymes are important to the process
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
You should now be able to
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Describe the citric acid cycle as a metabolic pathway designed
for generating additional energy from glucose
Discuss the importance of oxidative phosphorylation in
producing ATP
Describe useful applications of poisons that interrupt critical
steps in cellular respiration
Review the steps in oxidation of a glucose molecule
aerobically
Compare respiration and fermentation
Provide evidence that glycolysis evolved early in the history of
life on Earth
Provide criteria that a molecule must possess to be
considered a fuel for cellular respiration
Discuss the mechanisms that cells use to biosynthesize cell
components from food
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concept Check
• This is the summary equation for the process of photosynthesis. This
reaction
•
is endergonic.
•
is exergonic.
•
has an equal amount of energy in the reactants and the products.
•
is catabolic.
Concept Check
•Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis rely on electron
transport chains embedded in membranes to produce ATP molecules.
Which of the following correctly describes the difference between the
two types of electron transport chains?
•
In cellular respiration the electron source is water and the final
electron destination is oxygen.
•
In cellular respiration the electron source is the hydrogens in
energy rich food and the final electron destination is oxygen.
•
In photosynthesis the electron source is water and the final
destination is oxygen.
•
Both 2 and 3.
Concept Check
•When a photon of the correct energy is
absorbed by a photosystem, an
electron is energized and transferred to
a primary electron acceptor. This
creates an electron “hole”. How is the
missing electron replaced?
• Electrons removed from glucose
replace the missing electrons.
• Electrons from hydrogen made
available by splitting water
replace the missing electrons.
1)
The replacement
electrons come from
NADPH.
2)
The electrons come from
ATP.
Concept Check
•Imagine that you have planted bean
seedlings (C3) and corn seedlings
(C4) in
an artificial soil and sealed them in an
aquarium. The aquarium has plenty of light,
nutrients and water but a given volume of
air. Based on your knowledge of
photorespiration which
of the following
are most likely?
•
Both kinds of plants should do
equally well.
•
As the plants photosynthesize the
carbon dioxide levels will fall giving
the C3 plants the advantage.
•
As the plants photosynthesize the
carbon dioxide levels will fall giving
the C4 plants the advantage.
•
The results are unpredictable.
C3 plant, low CO2
C4 plant, low CO2
Chapter 7
$100 Question
• Which of the following is an autotroph?
•
•
•
•
a. mushroom
b. honeybee
c. mountain lion
d. pine tree
ANSWER
Chapter 7
$200 Question
• In which organelle does photosynthesis occur?
•
•
•
•
a. chloroplast
b. mitochondrion
c. nucleus
d. smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
ANSWER
Chapter 7
$300 Question
• __________ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a
photosystem.
•
•
•
•
a. NADPH
b. Water
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Chlorophyll a
ANSWER
Chapter 7
$400 Question
• The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the________.
•
•
•
•
a. stroma
b. thylakoid membrane
c. cytosol
d. cristae
ANSWER
Chapter 7
$500 Question
• _________, produced during the Calvin cycle, is the raw material
plants use to make necessary organic molecules.
•
•
•
•
a. Glucose
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Sucrose
d. G3P
ANSWER
Light
H2O
Chloroplast
CO2
Stroma
NADP+
ADP
P
Thylakoid
membranes
Light
reactions
Calvin
cycle
ATP
NADPH
O2
Sugar
Mitochondrion
structure
Chloroplast
structure
Intermembrane
space
H+
c.
Membrane
Matrix
d.
a.
b.
e.
Photosynthesis
converts
includes both
(a)
(b)
(c)
to
in which
chemical
energy
in which
light-excited
electrons of
chlorophyll
H2O is split
CO2 is fixed to
RuBP
and then
and
(d)
reduce
NADP+ to
are passed
down
(h)
using
(f)
(e)
to produce
producing
(g)
by
chemiosmosis
sugar
(G3P)
You should now be able to
1.
2.
3.
Explain the value of autotrophs as producers
Provide a general description of photosynthesis in chloroplasts
Explain how plants are able to produce oxygen as a product of
photosynthesis
4. Contrast photosynthesis to respiration in terms of redox reactions
5. Describe the importance of visible radiation to photosynthesis
6. Describe plant photosystems and their function in photosynthesis
7. Describe the linkage (connection) between the two plant
photosystems
8. Describe how chemiosmosis powers ATP synthesis in plants
9. Discuss the Calvin cycle and how it uses ATP and NADPH
10. Describe two plant adaptations that save water in hot, dry climates
11. Detail how photosynthesis could help moderate globing warming
12. Discuss the importance of the Earth’s protective ozone layer
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.