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EVOLUTION
VOCAB
Chapter 16 & 17
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006
Change in a population over time;
also change in the relative
frequency of alleles in a gene
pool
evolution
Differences among individuals
within a species
Natural variation
Trait controlled by two or more
genes
Polygenic trait
Process by which unrelated
organisms independently evolve
similarities when adapting to
similar environments
Convergent evolution
Ability of an organism to
survive and reproduce in a
specific environment
fitness
Inherited characteristic that
increases and organism’s chances
for survival
adaptation
Process by which related organisms
evolve differences when they are
isolated in different environments
Adaptive radiation OR
Divergent evolution
A change in a DNA sequence caused
by a mistake in DNA replication or
exposure to radiation or chemicals
mutation
Changes in the allele frequency
in a small population that are due
to random chance and don’t follow
the laws of probability
Genetic drift
All the genes, including all the
different alleles, in a
population
Gene pool
A situation in which the allele
frequencies in a population do NOT
change and the population does
NOT EVOLVE
Genetic equilibrium
The effect of natural selection
when individuals near the center of a
normal curve of distribution have
higher fitness than those at the
extremes
Stabilizing selection
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
The effect of natural selection when
individuals at one end of the
normal distribution curve have
higher fitness than individuals in
the middle or at the other end
Directional selection
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
The effect of natural selection
when individuals at the extreme
ends of the normal distribution
curve have higher fitness than
those near the center of the
curve
Disruptive selection
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
A change in relative frequency
of alleles in a population
evolution
A possible explanation for a set of
observations or a possible answer
to a scientific problem
hypothesis
A change in allele frequencies due to
the migration of a small subgroup
of a population to a new place
Founder effect
Idea that allele frequency will
remain constant unless one or more
factors cause those frequencies
to change
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
A trait controlled by a single
gene with two or more alleles
Multiple allele trait
The number of times a certain
allele occurs in a gene pool
compared to the number of times
other alleles for the same gene occur
Relative frequency
A well supported, testable
explanation of observed natural
phenomena
THEORY
Another name for competition for
resources
Struggle for existence
Another name for adaptive
radiation
Divergent evolution
Another name for natural selection
Survival of the fittest
http://anthro.palomar.edu/synthetic/synth_2.htm
NAME THE SCIENTISTS WHO . . .
English mathematician and German physician who proposed
the principle that allele frequencies in a population will
remain constant unless one or more factors cause the
frequencies to change and developed an equation to
predict the frequency of alleles in a population
Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg
THE END