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Cell to Cell Communication John Ireland Cell Signaling Overview Exterior of Cell Interior of Cell Cellular Response Membrane Receptor Signal Transduction Pathway Intracellular Receptor Types of Cell-Cell Signaling Direct Contact Paracine Signaling Endocrine Signaling Synaptic Signaling How does signaling happen? Phosphorylation Unactivated Protein Activated Protein Phosphorylation actives Proteins Phosphates are added to amino acids. Specifically either Serine/Threonine or Tyrosine Phosphates are added by Protein Kinases (specific enzymes) Dephosphorylation by Phosphotases deactivate the proteins Types of Receptors in Cells Intracellular Chemically Gated Ion Channels Enzymatic G-Protein Coupled Intracellular Receptors Triggered by Hydrophobic Ligands (i.e. Hormones) Complex Proteins with Multiple Domains. Blocked by an Inhibitor till Activation Mechanism Exterior Cytoplasm Receptor w/ Inhibitor Nucleus Hormone Inhibitor Gene Activation Protein Kinase Receptors Binding of external ligands causes internal phosphorylation Phosphorylation actives adapter proteins Adapter Proteins activate response. Insulin Receptor Mechanism Exterior Cytoplasm Insulin Response Protein Insulin Insulin Receptor Glucose Glycogen Synthase Glycogen G-Protein Coupled Receptor cAMP Signal Pathway Exterior Adenylate Cyclase GPCR G Protein w/ GDP (inactive) G Protein Α Subunit w/ GTP (active) ATP cAMP Cytoplasm