* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 2 Antibodies - WordPress.com
Sociality and disease transmission wikipedia , lookup
Hygiene hypothesis wikipedia , lookup
Gluten immunochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Lymphopoiesis wikipedia , lookup
Anti-nuclear antibody wikipedia , lookup
Complement system wikipedia , lookup
Duffy antigen system wikipedia , lookup
Immunocontraception wikipedia , lookup
Immune system wikipedia , lookup
Innate immune system wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Psychoneuroimmunology wikipedia , lookup
Adoptive cell transfer wikipedia , lookup
Adaptive immune system wikipedia , lookup
Molecular mimicry wikipedia , lookup
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency wikipedia , lookup
Monoclonal antibody wikipedia , lookup
Cancer immunotherapy wikipedia , lookup
Antibody Structure and Function The immune response 2 of 38 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Antigen Molecule found on the cell surface membrane that can be recognised as foreign by the immune system. Usually proteins, glycoproteins or glycolipids. Antibody (Immunoglobulin) Proteins with a specific quaternary structure. Able to bind specifically to antigens. Produced by B-cells. Antibody structure 5 of 38 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Antibody Structure The specificity of the antibody depends on its variable regions Antigen Variable regions (red) The constant regions are the same for all antibodies Light chain Hinge region Disulphide bridges Heavy chain Constant regions (blue) Each antibody has a different shaped variable region (due to different amino acid sequences) that is complementary to one specific antigen. Antigen binding site Antigen binding site The structure of an antibody All antibodies are proteins. This means that they are made up of a long chain of amino acids which are arranged into a complex structure. Effector mechanisms 8 of 38 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Now try the questions at the end of the sheet. What are lymphocytes? Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) found in the blood and lymph nodes. Lymphocytes recognise antigen molecules on the surface of pathogens, and co-ordinate the immune response against that pathogen. Collectively, lymphocytes can recognize millions of different antigens, due to the large variation of lymphocytes produced. 10 of 38 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses - Involve lymphocytes B-lymphocytes – mature in bone marrow T-lymphocytes – mature in thymus B-lymphocytes produce antibodies – humoral response - T-lymphocytes directly affect cells – cellular response Different types of lymphocytes 12 of 38 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Humoral immune response 13 of 38 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 B-cells B-cell binds to antigen. B-cell divides by mitosis. Some cells formed are plasma cells – secrete antibodies. Some cells formed are memory cells – remain in blood for a period of time, providing immunity. B-cells Cellular immune response 16 of 38 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 T-cells Phagocyte takes up pathogen. Antigens presented on surface of phagocyte (antigen-presenting cell). T-cell binds to antigen on APC. T-cell divides by mitosis. Several types of T-cell produced, including memory cells and cells that stimulate B-cells to replicate. T-cells