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Download 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration I. Respiration
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4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration I. Respiration - converts sugar into ATP using oxygen A. Cellular respiration is aerobic (requires oxygen) B. Takes place in mitochondria of ALL organisms at ALL times C. Has 2 main stages: 1) Kreb’s Cycle mitochondrion 2) Electron Transport Chain animal cell 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration D. Glycolysis must take place before respiration can occur. 1. anaerobic process (does not require oxygen) 2. takes place in cytoplasm 3. splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules 4. produces two ATP molecules 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration E. Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis. 1. Kreb s cycle transfers energy to an electron transport chain a. breaks down threecarbon molecules from glycolysis b. makes a small amount of ATP c. produces carbon dioxide d. transfers energycarrying molecules 1 mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) ATP and 6CO 2 energy 2 3 energy from glycolysis and 6O 2 inner membrane ATP and 6H 2 O 4 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 2. The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP. a. oxygen enters process b. ATP produced c. water released as a waste product 1 mitochondrion ATP matrix (area enclosed and by inner membrane) 6CO2 energy 3 energy from glycolysis and 6O2 2 inner membrane ATP and 6H2 O 4 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration F. The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O a. The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration. 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail III. Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration. A. The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when oxygen is available. 1. two ATP molecules are used to split glucose 2. four ATP molecules are produced 3. two molecules of NADH produced 4. two molecules of pyruvate produced 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail B. The Krebs cycle is the first main part of cellular respiration. 1. Pyruvate is broken down before the Krebs cycle. a. carbon dioxide released b. NADH produced c. coenzyme A (CoA) bonds to twocarbon molecule 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail 2. The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules. a. NADH and FADH2 are made b. intermediate molecule with CoA enters Krebs cycle c. citric acid (six-carbon molecule) is formed d. citric acid is broken down, carbon dioxide is released, and NADH is made e. five-carbon molecule is broken down, carbon dioxide is released, NADH and ATP are made f. four-carbon molecule is rearranged 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail C. The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration. 1. The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to make ATP. a. high-energy electrons enter electron transport chain b. energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across the inner membrane c. hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the membrane 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail 2. The breakdown of one glucose molecule produces up to 38 molecules of ATP. a. ATP synthase produces ATP b. oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions c. water is released as a waste product 4.6 Fermentation IV. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue if no oxygen is present. A. Fermentation is an anaerobic process 4.6 Fermentation B. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells. 1. glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules 2. pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation 3. energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid 4. NADH is changed back into NAD+ 4.6 Fermentation C. Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation. 1. glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation 2. energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide 3. NADH is changed back into NAD+ 4. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis 4.6 Fermentation D. Fermentation is used in food production. Ex) yogurt Ex) cheese Ex) bread