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Climate change is altering mountain vegetation at large scale
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-01/uov-cci010512.php
Public release date: 8-Jan-2012
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Contact: Michael Gottfried
[email protected]
University of Vienna
Climate change is altering mountain vegetation at large
scale
Climate change is having a more profound effect on alpine
vegetation than at first anticipated, according to a study
carried out by an international group of researchers and
published in Nature Climate Change. The first ever
pan-European study of changing mountain vegetation has
found that some alpine meadows could disappear within the
next few decades.
Led by researchers from the Austrian Academy of Sciences
and the University of Vienna, biologists from 13 different
countries in Europe analysed 867 vegetation samples from 60
different summits sited in all major European mountain
systems, first in 2001 and then again just seven years later in
2008. They found strong indications that, at a continental
scale, cold-loving plants traditionally found in alpine regions
are being pushed out of many habitats by warm-loving
plants.
IMAGE: This alpine species
(Nevadensia purpurea) could disappear
from some European mountains in the
next few decades.
Click here for more information.
"We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did not
expect to find such a significant change in such a short space of time," said Michael Gottfried from
the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA) programme which
coordinated the study. "Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of
the lower mountains in Europe, we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs
taking over within the next few decades," he warns.
IMAGE: “We did not expect to find
such a significant change in such a short
space of time,” said Michael Gottfried,
lead author of the study.
Click here for more information.
The study, which is the largest and most comprehensive of its
kind in the world, confirmed that there is a direct link
between growing summer temperature and the shift in alpine
plant composition. "While regional studies have previously
made this link, this is the first time it has been shown on a
continental scale," said Gottfried. This phenomenon, which
the GLORIA researchers have called thermophilization, has
now been measured and quantified for the first time and is
expressed by the researchers as a thermophilization indicator
(D). All 32 of the study's authors used exactly the same
sampling procedures and returned to the same sampling
sites, thus enabling a pan-continental comparison to be made
for the first time. "We hope that our thermophilization
indicator could be used by other research groups around the
world and enable a global comparison," said Harald Pauli,
GLORIA's network coordinator.
The research also showed that the effect is independent of
altitude (it is happening at the tree line as well as on high
mountain peaks) and latitude (the effect is seen in northern countries such as Scotland as well as
southern mountain ranges such those on Crete).
"Our work shows that climate change affects even the outer
edges of the biosphere," said Georg Grabherr, chair of the
GLORIA programme. "The thermophilisation of alpine life
zones can never be controlled directly. Adaptation strategies
are not an option and we must concentrate on mitigating
climate change in order to preserve our biogenetic treasure."
###
About GLORIA
The GLORIA programme (Global Observation Research
Initiative in Alpine Environments) is a network of more than
IMAGE: All 32 authors involved in
Climate change is altering mountain vegetation at large scale
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-01/uov-cci010512.php
100 research teams distributed over six continents whose aim
it is to monitor all alpine regions across the globe. Launched
in 2001, it has implemented a long-term and standardised
approach to the observation of alpine vegetation and its
response to climate change. The GLORIA researchers will be
returning to the same European sampling sites in 2015 to
continue monitoring the effects of climate change on alpine
vegetation.
the study used the same sampling
procedures enabling pan-continental
comparisons to be made for the first
time, here at the Austrian Hochschwab
mountains.
Click here for more information.
Further details: http://www.gloria.ac.at/
Publication
Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change. In: Nature Climate Change, 8.
Jänner 2012 (Online ahead of print) DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1329
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BBC World Service Radio Interview 9/1/2012 M. Gottfried:
TRAILER: Audiolink
INTERVIEW: Audiolink
Fm4 (ORF) Interview 10/1/2012 M. Gottfried:
Audiolink
RTE (Irish radio station) Interview 16/1/2012 M. Gottfried:
Audiolink
39
EL MUNDO. LUNES 9 DE ENERO DE 2012
EM2 CIENCIA / EM2
EFECTOS DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO
Un estudio en 60 montañas del continente muestra que las plantas amantes del calor están desplazando
a las adaptadas al frío debido al aumento de las temperaturas causado por el calentamiento global
Adiós a la flora de las cumbres europeas
PEDRO CÁCERES / Madrid
El Edelweiss o flor de las nieves
(Leontopodium alpinum) es el símbolo de las montañas de Europa, el
emblema de los lugares más agrestes. Pero no corren buenos tiempos para esta pequeña flor blanca,
adaptada a las laderas más frías de
los Alpes y los Pirineos. El calor la
está poniendo contra las cuerdas
como lo está haciendo con toda la
flora adaptada a las temperaturas
bajas de las montañas.
Según los científicos, el cambio
climático está teniendo un efecto
mucho más profundo en la vegetación alpina de lo que se sospechaba, según muestra un estudio recién publicado en la revista Nature
Climate Change. La primera investigación a escala europea sobre los
cambios que están experimentan-
Los Pirineos y Sierra
Nevada, dos de las
cordilleras más
afectadas de Europa
Los botánicos han
estudiado 764
especies de flora en
17 cordilleras
Un grupo de científicos analizando la flora en las montañas de Dovre (Noruega) en el año 2008 . / ‘NATURE
do las áreas alpinas ha descubierto que en todo el continente las
plantas de clima frío se retiran de
las montañas y prosperan las
adaptadas al calor.
No en vano, la década de 2000 a
2009 fue la más cálida desde que se
miden las temperaturas globales.
Ha habido estudios dispersos que
han mostrado los cambios en la vegetación por ese calentamiento, pero no se había realizado ningún trabajo a escala continental. Ahora,
un grupo de investigadores de 13
países acaba de publicar un estudio
que muestra evidencias significativas del efecto del fenómeno en las
plantas de las cumbres.
Dirigido por investigadores de la
Academia Austríaca de Ciencias y
de la Universidad de Viena, unos
30 biólogos han analizado lo que
está ocurriendo con 764 especies
de plantas de 60 lugares diferentes
en 17 cordilleras europeas. Es el
mayor estudio de este tipo realizado hasta la fecha y ha sido llevado
a cabo durante una década
En España se estudiaron parcelas situadas en el Parque Nacional
de Ordesa (Huesca) y en el Parque
Nacional de Sierra Nevada (Granada) y participaron cuatro investigadores de la Universidad de
Granada y del Instituto Pirenaico
de Ecología, con sede en Jaca.
Según explica a EL MUNDO
desde Viena el profesor austriaco
Michael Gottfried, del Global Obser-
vation Research Initiative in Alpine
Environments (GLORIA), el programa que coordina el estudio, se visitó
cada lugar en el verano de 2001, en
el pico máximo de la estación de
crecimiento, y después se revisitaron las mismas zonas en 2008.
«Esperábamos encontrar un aumento de las plantas termófilas
[adaptadas al calor] en altitudes altas, pero no pensábamos encontrar
CLIMATE CHANGE’
gravísimo de extinción. Su zona vital es sólo de unos pocos cientos de
metros en altura en la montaña y, a
medida que aumenta la temperatura, no pueden refugiarse más arriba», dice Gottfried.
Precisamente el Pirineo y Sierra
Nevada son las montañas europeas donde más se ha constatado
la termofilización. Y es que las
temperaturas en esas montañas
son las que más han
subido: «En el periodo
de estudio 2001-2008
subieron 1,5 ºC en junio por la noche».
«La transformación de la flora en menos de una década es una rápida
Para realizar la invesrespuesta de los ecosistemas al calentamiento global», escriben en Nature
tigación, los botánicos
Climate Change. Para los científicos, está claro que las plantas adaptadas
asignaron un rango alal frío, como la Nevadensia purpúrea de Sierra Nevada (en la foto),
titudinal a cada una de
sufrirán una fuerte competencia que puede llevar a su retroceso o
las 764 especies. Ese
extinción. «La adaptación no es una vía posible», asegura Georg Grabherr,
rango reflejaba la tempresidente del proyecto GLORIA. «La única opción es mitigar el cambio
peratura a la que cada
climático para preservar el tesoro biogenético», apunta en referencia a la
una encontraba su denecesaria reducción de emisiones contaminantes. Respecto a Edelweiss,
sarrollo óptimo, que esGottfried ofrece una esperanza: «No es la que caerá primero porque no
tá ligada a la altitud,
vive en las cumbres más altas, sino a media altitud, y no está por tanto en
puesto que baja a mediel frente de batalla de las que peor lo están pasando».
da que se asciende.
Los científicos sumaron esos rangos y utilizaron fórmulas matecimas; y también de la latitud, pues Europa con más endemismos botá- máticas para otorgar a cada parcese aprecia desde Escocia a Creta.
nicos. Hay más de 2.000 plantas la una cifra, «un indicador térmico
El estudio muestra que hay una distintas en Sierra Nevada y 80 son de la vegetación». Al comparar su
relación directa entre la temperatu- propias de allí. Una de ellas, la Ne- evolución entre 2001 y 2008 deterra durante en la estación de creci- vadensia purpúrea, ya está perdien- minaron de forma general que la
miento del verano y los cambios en do terreno. «Esta especie, como to- comunidad de plantas de cada parla composición de la flora alpina, dos los endemismos españoles de cela estaba cambiando hacia espeque el calor ya está alterando la es- alta montaña, están en un riesgo cies más cálidas, no más frías.
Según aclara Gottfried, el punto
más alto estudiado estaba en El
Cerro de los Machos (3.327 metros), junto al monte Veleta de Sierra Nevada, mientras que el más
bajo se estudió en Noruega, a
1.162 metros de altura. Gottfried
indica que han descubierto que el
efecto es independiente de la altitud, pues ocurre tanto en el límite
de la línea del bosque como en las
tructura de las comunidades vegetales y, sobre todo, que puede verse
a escala continental. Es lo que llaman termofilización (hacerse amigo del calor) de la flora.
Respecto a España, el científico
asegura que el efecto es muy destacado. En Sierra Nevada, por ejemplo, se ha observado un declive de
las especies propias de las cumbres.
La sierra andaluza es el lugar de
Sin adaptación posible
un cambio tan profundo en tan poco tiempo», afirma Gottfried. «Muchas plantas amantes del frío están
desapareciendo de las montañas.
En algunas de baja altura, creo que
en las próximas décadas veremos
cómo los prados alpinos serán invadidos por matorrales».
22 WISSEN / GESUNDHEIT
MITTW O CH , 8. FEB R U A R 2 0 1 2
Alpine Vegetation zieht bergauf
Geringe Mengen
an radioaktivem
Jod in der Luft
Modellregion. Trends sind seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts nachweisbar.
Doch jetzt sehen Forscher den Klimawandel im Hochgebirge deutlich.
WIEN (SN, APA). Geringe Mengen
an radioaktivem Jod-131 wurden in der österreichischen Luft
nachgewiesen. Wie die Agentur
für Gesundheit und Ernährungssicherheit (AGES) mitteilte, ist eine Gesundheitsgefährdung der Bevölkerung ausgeschlossen. Die Jod-131-Konzentration von sechs Mikrobecquerel pro Kubikmeter Luft
ist so niedrig, dass sie nur mittels hochempfindlicher Instrumente nachgewiesen werden
kann. Auch an anderen Messstellen in Schweden, Finnland,
Deutschland und Polen sind
solche Daten gefunden worden.
Die Quelle dürfte in Osteuropa
liegen. Im November 2011 hatte
es einen ähnlichen Vorfall gegeben. Als Quelle wurde eine defekte Filteranlage in einem ungarischen Radioisotopeninstitut identifiziert.
URSULA KASTLER
WIEN, SALZBURG (SN). Wetter ist
nicht gleichzusetzen mit dem Klima. Auch wenn derzeit Minusgrade und Schneefälle von einem normalen Winter künden, so hat sich
doch die Lage insgesamt verändert. Mittlerweile deutlich abzulesen ist das für Forscher, die
hochalpines Gelände untersuchen. „Wir haben nicht erwartet,
innerhalb von nur sieben Jahren
derart deutliche Signale für das
veränderte Klima zu sehen. Hochgebirgspflanzen verändern sich
sonst nur in großen Zeiträumen“,
fasst es Michael Gottfried vom
Department für Naturschutzbiologie, Vegetations- und Landschaftsökologie der Universität
Wien zusammen.
Ein internationales Team unter
der Leitung von Forschern der
Universität Wien und der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW) untersuchte
2001 und 2008 867 Probeflächen
auf 60 verschiedenen Gipfeln in
allen größeren europäischen
Hochgebirgen. Nun liegen die Ergebnisse vor: Die Wissenschafter
fanden statistisch relevante Anzeichen, dass an Kälte angepasste
Pflanzen von wärmeliebenden
Arten zunehmend aus ihren Lebensräumen verdrängt werden.
Biologen aus 13 Ländern untersuchten im Rahmen von GLORIA
niedrigwüchsige Pflanzengemeinschaften im Hochgebirge oberhalb
der Baumgrenze. „Die Pflanzen
der Waldgrenze, also etwa Heidelbeeren, Almrausch und Preiselbeeren besiedeln nun in allen
Gebirgen hochalpine Zonen. In einigen der niedrigeren europäi-
WISSEN KOMPAKT
Rauchen ist schlecht
für das Männerhirn
WASHINGTON (SN, AFP). Männliche Raucher bauen geistig
schneller ab als ihre nicht rauchenden Geschlechtsgenossen. Die Forscher vom University College London verfolgten mehr als 5000 Männer
und 2100 Frauen über einen
Zeitraum von bis zu 25 Jahren.
Dabei kam heraus, dass rauchende Männer bei sämtlichen Tests zu geistigen Fähigkeiten schlechter abschnitten
als Nichtraucher. Bei Frauen
stellten die Wissenschafter
nicht den gleichen Effekt des
Rauchens fest. Die Gründe
dafür sind noch unklar.
Schwämme sind
älteste Tiere der Welt
JOHANNESBURG (SN, AFP).
Wissenschafter sind bei Grabungsarbeiten in Namibia auf
schwammartige Fossilien gestoßen, bei denen es sich ihrer
Ansicht nach um die ersten
Tiere handelt. Die winzigen
Fossilien, die im Etosha-Nationalpark und anderen Orten
in Namibia in Felsen gefunden
wurden, seien bis zu 760 Millionen Jahre alt. Das bedeute,
dass Tiere nicht – wie bisher
angenommen – erstmals vor
600 bis 650 Mill. Jahren auftauchten, sondern bereits 100
oder 150 Mill. Jahre früher.
schen Gebirge können wir beobachten, wie die offene alpine
Graslandschaft
verschwindet.
Zwergsträucher werden dort den
Lebensraum in wenigen Jahrzehnten erobern“, stellt Michael Gottfried fest. Die Forscher zeigen
auch, dass dieser Effekt von
der geografischen Breite unabhängig ist. Er findet sich von
Schottland bis zu den Gebirgsregionen Kretas.
„Das Hochgebirge ist eine Modellregion für Wildnis, in die der
Mensch nicht direkt eingreifen
kann. Wir müssen also herunter
von den Treibhausgasen. Die Entwicklung wird sich nicht umdrehen lassen, aber wir wären froh,
wenn sie sich verlangsamte“, sagt
Michael Gottfried.
Das GLORIA-Programm (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments) ist ein
Netzwerk von mehr als 100 Forschungsgruppen aus sechs Kontinenten, dessen Ziel ein weltweites
Monitoring der Gebirgsregionen
und ihrer Reaktionen auf den Klimawandel ist. GLORIA wurde
2001 von Wissenschaftern der
Universität Wien und der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften gegründet. Die Untersuchungen in Europa werden 2015
wiederholt. Die Arbeit ist im
Fachjournal „Nature Climate
Change“ veröffentlicht.
„Wir haben eine derart deutliche Veränderung in so kurzer Zeit nicht erwartet“, sagt Michael Gottfried, Leiter der
Studie.
Bild: SN/V. SCHÄFFER/UNI WIEN
Knochendichte
kontrollieren
Hochalpine Pflanzen wie diese Nevadensia purpurea
könnten in wenigen Jahrzehnten
von manchen europäischen Gipfeln
verschwunden
sein. Bild: SN/HARALD
PAULI/UNI WIEN
WASHINGTON (SN, AFP). Ein Medikament zur Vorbeugung von
Brustkrebs bei Frauen schädigt
einer neuen Studie zufolge die
Knochen. Eine Untersuchung
von 351 Frauen nach den Wechseljahren, die den Wirkstoff
Exemestan erfolgreich zur Vorbeugung von Brustkrebs nahmen, zeigte eine deutliche Abnahme der Knochendichte, wie
kanadische Forscher in der
Fachzeitschrift „The Lancet Oncology“ berichteten.
Die Forscher empfehlen
Frauen, die Exemestan benutzen, regelmäßige Kontrollen
der Knochen und eine ausreichende Zufuhr von Kalzium und
Vitamin D.
Von der Holzraupe bis zur Orientierung im Raum
Bei Kindern um das erste Lebensjahr steht beim Spielen das Funktionieren im Vordergrund: wie ein Ball
zu Boden fällt oder eine Holzraupe Töne von sich gibt. Später geht es um Als-ob-Spiele und Räume.
Z
weifelsohne ist das Spielen für die
kindliche Entwicklung enorm wichtig. Im Spiel lernt das Kind wesentliche Kompetenzen. Seine Wahrnehmung
wird gefördert, seine Sinne werden aktiviert und sein Sozialverhalten gefestigt.
Je nach Alter ist die Art des Spielens
sehr unterschiedlich und auch von anderer Zeitdauer. Bei kleinen Kindern um
das erste Lebensjahr steht das Funktionieren im Vordergrund. Es ist spannend,
wenn eine grüne Holzraupe Töne von
sich gibt oder wenn sie sich zu bewegen
anfängt, wenn man daran zieht. Es ist interessant, dass ein Ball zu Boden fällt.
Je älter das Kind wird, desto mehr Bedeutung erlangt die Interaktion mit den
MANUELA OBERLECHNER
Erwachsenen oder Spielkameraden. Was
Anfangs noch Fingerspiele und Reime
oder Kniespiele wie „Hoppe Reiter“ sind,
geht dann in immer ausgedehntere Alsob-Spiele über. Das Kind spielt, als wäre
es müde und legt die Hände an den Kopf,
begleitet von „Heia“. So lernt es, Situationen nachzuspielen, die es aus dem Alltag
kennt. Familie, Schule, Doktor, das sind
die bekannten Themen. Spielen bedeutet
aber auch, die Orientierung im Raum zu
trainieren oder sich davon ein Bild zu machen. Die bekanntesten Spiele sind Fangen spielen und Verstecken. Spielen hat
keine Grenzen.
Kinder können ihre Kreativität, ihren
Bewegungsdrang und ihre Neugierde darin voll ausleben. Daher ist es so wichtig,
dass sie ihre Spiele – zumindest unter anderem – selbst finden und erfinden.
Manuela Oberlechner arbeitet als Psychologin,
Trainerin, Coach und ist Begründerin des Konzepts „Family Support“-Training für liebevolle
Erziehung und Beziehung. Zur heutigen Kolumne finden Sie auch ein Video unter:
www.family-support.net/youtube
Edelweiß und Enzian könnten langsam verschwinden - Klimawandel - d...
1 von 2
http://derstandard.at/1325485922012/Alpenraum-Edelweiss-und-Enzia...
derStandard.at › Wissenschaft › Natur › Klimawandel
ALPENRAUM
Edelweiß und Enzian könnten langsam verschwinden
09. Jänner 2012 13:54
Erste paneuropäische Studie zeigt Auswirkungen des Klimawandels
auf die Vegetation der Alpen
Wien - Der Klimawandel hat stärkere Auswirkungen auf die Vegetation
der Alpen als bisher angenommen, wie ein internationales Team unter
Leitung von Forschern der Universität Wien und der Akademie der
Wissenschaften (ÖAW) in der ersten paneuropäischen Studie zum
Vegetationswandel im Hochgebirge gezeigt hat. Kälteadaptierte
Pflanzen werden zunehmend von wärmeliebenden Arten aus ihren
Lebensräumen verdrängt und alpine Urwiesen und Felsflure dadurch
gefährdet. Die Ergebnisse werden im Fachjournal "Nature Climate
Change" veröffentlicht.
Das Forscherteam hat in den Jahren 2001 und 2008 auf 867
Probeflächen auf 60 verschiedenen Gipfeln in allen größeren
Probeflächen auf dem österreichischen Hochschwab europäischen Hochgebirgen niedrigwüchsige Pflanzengemeinschaften
alle 32 StudienautorInnen benutzten die gleiche
oberhalb der Baumgrenze untersucht. Die Studie ist laut Aussendung
Untersuchungsmethodik.
die bisher breitest angelegte ihrer Art. Stattgefunden hat sie im
Rahmen des Programms GLORIA (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments), das 2001 durch Uni
Wien und ÖAW gegründet wurde und bei dem mittlerweile mehr als 100 Forschungsgruppen aus sechs Kontinenten
standardisiert die Gebirgsvegetation und ihre Reaktion auf den Klimawandel beobachten. Eine Folgeuntersuchung ist für
2015 geplant.
Foto: Harald Pauli
"Deutliches Ausmaß" der Wanderung
Die Forscher hatten zwar mit einer Zunahme von wärmeliebenden Pflanzen in größeren Höhen gerechnet - "aber nicht in
diesem deutlichen Ausmaß und in so kurzer Zeit", so Michael Gottfried vom Department für Naturschutzbiologie,
Vegetations- und Landschaftsökologie der Uni Wien. "Viele kältetolerante Arten wandern buchstäblich in den Himmel. In
einigen der niedrigeren europäischen Gebirge können wir beobachten, wie die offene alpine Graslandschaft verschwindet
und Zwergsträucher den Lebensraum in wenigen Jahrzehnten erobern werden", warnt der Forscher.
Derzeit gebe es noch keine Befunde dafür, dass schon Pflanzen in Österreich oder Europa ausgestorben seien, weil sie
nicht mehr in größere Höhen ausweichen können, so Gottfried. Es gebe aber Hinweise, dass viele Arten zurückgehen.
Sollte die derzeitige Entwicklung anhalten, würden in einigen Jahrzehnten diverse Edelweiß- und Enzianarten
verschwinden, aber auch weniger bekannte Sorten, die eine wichtige Rolle für die genetische Vielfalt spielen.
Phänomen der "Thermophilisierung"
In regionalen Untersuchungen sei bereits ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen erhöhten Sommertemperaturen und der
Veränderung alpiner Lebensgemeinschaften nachgewiesen worden. "Unsere Ergebnisse demonstrieren diese Entwicklung
erstmals für den gesamten europäischen Kontinent", sagte Gottfried. Die Forscher sprechen vom Phänomen der
"Thermophilisierung", das mit ihrer Untersuchung erstmals quantitativ erfasst und als messbarer Indikator definiert worden
sei. Harald Pauli vom Institut für Gebirgsforschung der ÖAW hofft nun, dass dieser "Thermophilisierungs-Indikator"
weltweit von anderen Forschergruppen übernommen und damit ein globaler Vergleich möglich wird.
Dabei ist das Phänomen unabhängig von der Seehöhe und von der geografischen Breite - es findet sich von der
Baumgrenze bis zu den höchsten Gipfeln und von Schottland bis zu den Gebirgsregionen Kretas. "Unsere Arbeit belegt,
dass der Klimawandel auch die entlegensten Winkel der Biosphäre beeinflusst", sagte Georg Grabherr vom "Institut für
Gebirgsforschung: Mensch und Umwelt" der ÖAW, der das Programm GLORIA leitet. Die Thermophilisierung im
Hochgebirge könne örtlich nicht begrenzt werden, "menschliche Anpassungsstrategien sind keine Option. Wir müssen uns
dringend auf die Vermeidung noch stärkeren Klimawandels konzentrieren, um den biogenetischen Schatz der Natur zu
wahren". (APA/red)
Links
Nature Climate Change: Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change
Programm GLORIA
23/01/2012 14:44
Ökologischer Wandel: Vom Klima zerrüttet - Klima - FAZ
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HERAUSGEGEBEN VON WERNER D'INKA, BERTHOLD KOHLER, GÜNT HER NONNENMACHER, FRANK SCHIRRMACHER, HOLGER ST ELTZNER
Aktuell
Wissen
Klima
Ökologischer Wandel
Vom Klima zerrüttet
10.01.2012 · Ob Vögel, Falter oder Bergflora: Alles wechselt, und zwar immer
schneller. Neue Studien zeigen: Der Klimawandel zerlegt buchstäblich viele unserer
Lebensräume.
Von JOACHIM MÜLLER-JUNG
Artikel
s geht immer schneller: Der
fortschreitende Klimawandel verändert
nicht nur die Ökosysteme auf der
Nordhalbkugel nachhaltig, er zerlegt sie
inzwischen regelrecht. Die Zusammensetzung
der Lebensgemeinschaften verändert sich
evolutionär gesehen fast schlagartig. Lange
© JOHN GOULD "THE BIRDS OF GREAUT BRITAIN"
schon beobachtet man gravierende
Die Uferschnepfe verbingt den Winter in Senegal
Veränderungen in den Polgebieten, wo die
und Guinea
Temperatur am schnellsten steigt - über
Teilen der Arktis mehr als doppelt so schnell wie im Rest der Nordhemisphäre. Doch
immer deutlicher werden auch die Zeichen der Veränderung in den gemäßigteren
Regionen. Das zeigen zwei neue kontinentweite Studien in der Zeitschrift "Nature
Climate Change", an denen Dutzende Gruppen aus ganz Europa beteiligt waren.
In einer Untersuchung der hochalpinen Bergflora unter Leitung von Ökologen der
Universität Wien hat sich herausgestellt, dass sich die Vegetation jenseits der
Baumgrenze zwischen 2001 und 2008 klar verschoben hat: Kälteliebende Pflanzen
finden auf den sechzig untersuchten Gipfelreigionen fast ausnahmslos immer weniger
Rückzugsgebiete, die Zahl und Ausbreitung der wärmeliebenderen Pflanzen nimmt
deutlich zu. "Die Transformation in weniger als einer Dekade bedeutet einen rapiden
Ökosystemwandel", so die Autoren. Insgesamt hatte man 764 Arten in siebzehn
Gebirgen berücksichtigt.
Wie schnell sich der ökologische Wandel vollzieht, zeigt auch die Untersuchung eines
anderen europäischen Biologenteams, das die Veränderungen in fast
neuneinhalbtausend Vogelpopulationen und mehr als zweitausend
Schmetterlingsvorkommen über einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahrzehnten erfasst hat. Von
deutscher Seite waren Oliver Schweiger und Josef Settele vom Helmholtz-Zentrum für
Umweltforschung in Halle beteiligt. Fazit der Studie: Nicht nur breiten sich die Arten
beider Gruppen klar, wenn auch unterschiedlich schnell, nach Norden aus - doch noch
schneller als der ökologische Wandel vollzieht sich der Klimawandel selbst. Dieser
sorgte dafür, dass sich die idealen Klimazonen, gemessen an den Temperaturoptima
der Tiere, in zwei Dekaden um fast 250 Kilometer nordwärts verschoben haben. Die
Organismen hingegen reagieren deutlich langsamer: So bewegten sich die
Vogelpopulationen um durchschnittlich 37 Kilometer, die der Falter um 114 Kilometer
in die kühleren nördlichen Regionen.
Das unterschiedliche Anpassungsvermögen, das schon mit den abweichenden
genetischen und ökologischen Reaktionsmöglichkeiten der Arten zu erklären ist,
könnte über kurz oder lang die Zusammensetzung vieler Lebensräume massiv
verändern. Viele eingespielte Netze wie die Schlüpfzeiten von Vögeln und die
Entwicklung von Raupen könnten ökologisch zerrüttet werden.
Quelle: F.A.Z.
Hier können Sie die Rechte an diesem Artikel erwerben
© Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH 2012
Alle Rechte vorbehalten.
23/01/2012 14:18
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Sunday January 08 2012
Cold-adapted alpine plants such as the
edelweiss, made famous by Julie Andrews in
The Sound Of Music, could be lost to future
generations, scientists have warned.
They are already being squeezed out of their
habitats by plants that thrive in warmer
temperatures, it is claimed.
Within a few decades some alpine meadows
could disappear altogether, according to the
first pan-European study of changing mountain
vegetation.
Edelweiss, praised in the song of the same
name in the Rodgers and Hammerstein
musical, is specially adapted to the highlife at
altitudes of between 6,500ft to 9,500ft. Its
snow white, star-shaped leaves are covered in
woolly hairs to protect them from the cold.
VI D E O HI G HL I G HT S
Baby joy for Beyonce
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to Twitter to congratulate her on
the birth of Blue Ivy...
Within a few decades some alpine meadows could
disappear altogether, according to experts
As long ago as 2003 the WWF conservation
charity warned that even a temperature rise of 2C could place
sensitive mountain plants in the Alps and other mountain
ranges at risk.
Stefan Moidle, climate expert at WWF-Austria, said at the
time: "The edelweiss and similarly fragile plants are highly
endangered. Global warming is changing natural habitats, but
alpine plants cannot move to higher, cooler locations."
The new study, published in the journal Nature Climate
Change, suggests rising temperatures were having an even
greater impact on alpine vegetation than was first thought.
An international team of scientists analysed 897 vegetation
samples from 60 different summits in all major European
mountain systems. Surveys were called out in 2001 and again
seven years later in 2008.
Dr Michael Gottfried, from the Global Observation Research
Initiative in Alpine Environments (Gloria) programme, said:
"We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants
at higher altitudes, but we did not expect to find such a
significant change in such a short space of time.
"Many cold-loving species are literally running out of
mountain. In some of the lower mountains in Europe we could
see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking
over within the next few decades."
Press Association
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09/01/2012 16:34
El calentamiento global se manifiesta ya en la vegetación de montaña e...
1 von 1
http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2012/01/10/actualidad/13262023...
MEDIO AMBIENTE »
Un estudio de 764 especies en 60 cumbres del continente muestra que las plantas se han desplazado hacia zonas más
altas en la última década
EL PAÍS
Madrid
Archivado en:
3
10 ENE 2012 - 14:32 CET
Cambio climático
Problemas ambientales
Los investigadores Anne Olga Syverhuset (izquierda) y Jare
Inge Holten, de la Universidad Noruega de Ciencia y
Tecnología, tomando muestras en las montañas Dovre. /
OTTAR MICHELSEN (UNIVERSIDAD NORUEGA DE CIENCIA Y
TECNOLOGÍA)
Ciencia
Medio ambiente
Una investigación realizada conjuntamente en 17 áreas montañosas de Europa
en la última década muestra claramente el impacto del cambio climático en la
vegetación a escala continental. Las plantas se están desplazando a zonas cada
vez más altas y más frías en respuesta al calentamiento y es la primera vez que
se mide a escala global este fenómeno, resaltan los científicos autores del
trabajo. Se habían hecho ya estudios que mostraban este efecto a nivel local, que
eran indicadores de lo que está pasando a escala continental, “pero en este caso,
cuando se abarcan tantas regiones montañosas y se distingue el efecto… esto es
algo muy importante”, señala Ottar Michelsen, experto de la Universidad Noruega
de Ciencia y Tecnología y uno de los autores de esta investigación global, cuyos
resultados se publican en la revista Nature Climate Change.
La primera década del siglo XXI ha sido la más templada desde que se viene
midiendo el cambio climático a nivel global, señalan los científicos. Para conocer el impacto de este
fenómeno de calentamiento en las comunidades vegetales de montaña, a escala continental, los expertos
de 13 países participantes en el estudio Respuesta a escala continental de la vegetación de montaña al
cambio climático acotaron 867 zonas de muestreo, con 764 especies de plantas, en 60 cumbres de 17
regiones montañosas en toda Europa, tomando los datos, primero, en 2001 y, después, en 2008. Para
analizar comparativamente los resultados obtenidos con casi una década de intervalo, los científicos se
han centrado en lo que denominan el rango de altura, que refleja la temperatura a la que cada especie
tiene un desarrollo óptimo. Dado que la altura y la temperatura están directamente correlacionadas en
cada zona de montaña (normalmente, a más altura más frío), el lugar donde se encuentra una planta
refleja su respuesta a las condiciones térmicas, explican los expertos en un comunicado de la Universidad
Noruega de Ciencia y Tecnología.
En cada punto de muestreo acotado, los investigadores han medido la mezcla de especies presentes,
observando si en siete años se han producido cambios aumentando o no la presencia de tipos de plantas
que prefieren temperaturas más bajas o más altas. Al combinar los datos de las 17 áreas de montaña
para las dos fases temporales de la investigación obtienen el panorama de la respuesta de la vegetación
al cambio climático.
“La transformación de las comunidades de plantas a escala continental en menos de una década puede
considerarse una respuesta rápida de los ecosistemas al calentamiento”, afirman los científicos al
presentar los resultados de la investigación. “Aunque la señal no es estadísticamente significativa para
una región montañosa concreta, sí lo es al considerar los datos de toda Europa”.
El desplazamiento de las especies vegetales hacia zonas más altas (más frías) por un aumento de las
temperaturas supone una clara amenaza para las plantas adaptadas a vivir en las cumbres, dado que se
verán sometidas a una creciente competencia por parte de las que van invadiendo su territorio en busca
de condiciones más frías, lo que puede provocar el declive de esas especies o incluso su desaparición a
escala local, señalan los científicos. “En los Alpes, se ha observado recientemente el declive de especies
de gran altura en sus márgenes de ocupación más bajos”, advierten.
© EDICIONES EL PAÍS, S.L.
23/01/2012 15:13
Edelweiss plants: A risk of becoming extinct as summers gets warmer |...
1 of 4
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2083967/Edelweiss-pla...
By Daily Mail Reporter
Last updated at 5:00 AM on 9th January 2012
Alpine plants such as the edelwiss could become extinct if summers continue to get warmer, scientist have
warned.
The cold-loving flowers are being forced higher up mountinsides by plants that thrive in higher temperatures,
according to the first pan-European study of changing mountain vegetation published in the Journal Nature
Climate Change.
Dr Michael Gottfried, from the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (Gloria)
programme, said: 'Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountains.
Edelweiss is at a risk of becoming extinct: The cold-loving flowers are being forced higher up mountinsides by plants that thrive in
higher temperatures
In some of the lower mountains in Europe we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs
taking over within the next few decades.'
Edelweiss, praised in the song of the same name in the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, is specially
adapted to the highlife at altitudes of between 6,500ft to 9,500ft.
Its snow white, star-shaped leaves are covered in woolly hairs to protect them from the cold.
WWF conservation charity has been warning since 2003 that even a slight rise in temperature of 2C could
place sensitive mountain plants in the Alps and other mountain ranges at risk.
Stefan Moidle, climate expert at WWF-Austria, said at the time: "The edelweiss and similarly fragile plants
are highly endangered.
Due to the change in natural habitats caused by Global warming. However, Alpine plants cannot move to
higher, cooler locations."
The new study, published in the journal Nature Climate Change, suggests rising temperatures were having
09.01.2012 07:37
Edelweiss plants: A risk of becoming extinct as summers gets warmer |...
2 of 4
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2083967/Edelweiss-pla...
an even greater impact on alpine vegetation than was first thought.
897 vegetation samples from 60 different summits in all European mountain systems were analysed. These
surveys were originally carried out in 2001 and again seven years later in 2008.
Forced out of their homes: The snow white, star-shaped leaves on the Edelweiss plants are covered in woolly hairs to protect
them from the cold
Dr Michael Gottfried, from the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (Gloria)
programme, said the results were surprising as they,
"Expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did not expect to find
such a significant change in such a short space of time.
He also commented that "Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the
lower mountains in Europe we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within
the next few decades."
The study, the largest of its kind in the world, confirmed a direct link between rising summer temperatures
and changing populations of alpine plants.
"While regional studies have previously made this link, this is the first time it has been shown on a
continental scale," said Dr Gottfried.
This phenomenon whereby cold-adapted mountain plant species are gradually replaced by warm-adapted
species is dubbed "thermophilisation" by the Gloria researchers.
It was said to affect both high and low mountain ranges, as well as northern and southern countries.
The scientists used their findings to produce a "thermophilisation indicator" which they hope will help
research groups studying similar changes in other parts of the world end
Comments (0)
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09.01.2012 07:37
Cold-loving alpine plants 'at risk' - World news, News - Belfasttelegrap...
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Cold-loving alpine plants 'at risk'
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1. Pope’s child porn 'normal' claim sparks outrage
among victims
Cold-adapted alpine
plants such as the
edelweiss, made
famous by Julie
Andrews in The Sound
Of Music, could be lost
to future generations,
scientists have
warned.
They are already
being squeezed out of
their habitats by
plants that thrive in
warmer temperatures,
it is claimed.
Within a few decades
some alpine meadows
could disappear
altogether, according
to the first
pan-European study
of changing mountain
vegetation.
Most Read in World News
2. 11 die in balloon fireball horror
3. India's online comic strip porn lures thousands
4. Cold-loving alpine plants 'at risk'
5. Poison mushrooms blunder kills chef
6. Passengers injured by turbulence
7. Scientists create giant breed of supersoldier ant
8. League demands end to bloodshed NEW
9. Grounded cargo ship breaks apart
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Within a few decades some alpine meadows could
disappear altogether, according to experts
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Edelweiss, praised in the song of the
same name in the Rodgers and
Hammerstein musical, is specially
adapted to the highlife at altitudes of
between 6,500ft to 9,500ft. Its snow
white, star-shaped leaves are
covered in woolly hairs to protect
them from the cold.
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As long ago as 2003 the WWF
conservation charity warned that
even a temperature rise of 2C could
place sensitive mountain plants in
the Alps and other mountain ranges
at risk.
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Stefan Moidle, climate expert at WWF-Austria, said at the time:
"The edelweiss and similarly fragile plants are highly endangered.
Global warming is changing natural habitats, but alpine plants
cannot move to higher, cooler locations."
International Environment
Summer Programme in Geneva
onInternational Health &
Environment
graduateinstitute.ch/summer
The new study, published in the journal Nature Climate Change,
suggests rising temperatures were having an even greater impact
on alpine vegetation than was first thought.
An international team of scientists analysed 897 vegetation
samples from 60 different summits in all major European mountain
systems. Surveys were called out in 2001 and again seven years
later in 2008.
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Dr Michael Gottfried, from the Global Observation Research
Initiative in Alpine Environments (Gloria) programme, said: "We
expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher
altitudes, but we did not expect to find such a significant change in
such a short space of time.
"Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In
some of the lower mountains in Europe we could see alpine
meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within the
next few decades."
Had a big night out? Click here to send your pics
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08.01.2012 23:18
&
SOCIETA’
SPETTACOLI CULTURA
MILANO
SPORT
VENERDÌ 20 GENNAIO 2012
■ XIII
C’è una rete internazionale che ha appena pubblicato uno studio di Nature, il punto di osservazione lombardo è sulle Orobie
ANNA CIRILLO
P
iù su, sempre più su sulla montagna, in una
corsa contro il tempo, a trovare finalmente
il grande freddo. Ma anche la montagna a
un certo punto finisce, e queste specie di
piante alpine, alla ricerca disperata dell’habitat per loro vitale che i cambiamenti climatici
stanno velocemente modificando, dalla montagna,
alla fine, vengono cacciate via. Specialiste di ambienti freddi, se il clima si riscalda troppo non sono
più competitive. Scompaiono, e molte altre loro consorelle sono a rischio di estinzione. Uno studio, appena pubblicato sulla rivista Nature, ha provato
quello che effettivamente avviene, dopo una ricerca
sperimentale sul campo denominata Gloria, in sessanta montagne di tutta Europa, che sta tenendo sotto osservazione 764 specie a rischio. La prima del genere.
Una stazione di osservazione è installata anche in
Lombardia, sulle Alpi Orobie, per verificare quella
che viene chiamata la termofilizzazione della flora
alpina. Ed è stato anche un team di circa una decina
di precari della ricerca, studenti e dottorandi che fanno capo all’università di Pavia, a rendere possibile
questo lavoro, grazie ai fondi del Parco delle Orobie.
Sotto la lente d’ingrandimento hanno messo specie molto antiche ed esclusive: steno-endemiche, dicono i tecnici, cioè che esistono
solo qui, e in nessuna altra parte del mondo. Isole di biodiversità risparmiate dall e
Gli angeli
dei fiori
Gli studiosi che salvano le specie
“Così teniamo vive le rarità alpine”
glaciazioni, specializzate a vivere sopra i 2mila metri,
che rischiano di morire per l’innalzamento della temperatura, a loro
fatale. «Quello che non ha potuto il ghiaccio ora può fare il
caldo, 10mila anni dopo. A
rischio di estinzione sono
la linaria tonzigii e la
saxifraga presolanensis, che ci sono
solo sulle
I ricercatori hanno individuato
le aree in cui crescono le
piante da monitorare: sono
quelle a rischio di estinzione
Orobie bergamasche, o il papaver alpinum o la silene elisabethae dal bellissimo fiore rosa, ma pure particolari tipi di primule e genziane», racconta Graziano Rossi, professore di Botanica ambientale e applicata all’università di Pavia, a capo del team, responsabile scientifico della Lombardy Seed Bank, la banca dei semi lombarda che tratta e stocca le sementi
da salvare all’orto botanico di Pavia (un duplicato di
ogni seme viene inviato anche alla super banca mondiale che fa capo a Kew Garden, in Inghilterra). Rossi parlerà proprio di questo argomento nel suo intervento previsto nella due giorni dell’Evolution Day
che si terrà al museo di Storia naturale dal 10 al 12 febbraio, tra altri relatori internazionali, dalla Cina all’America (tutti gli incontri sono ad ingresso libero).
Su alcune vette a quote diverse nelle Orobie bergamasche — Pizzo Arera, Ferrantino, Menna — i ricercatori hanno individuato le aree nelle quali crescono popolazioni di piante da monitorare. Sono
state perimetrate in modo particolare, segnalando la
concentrazione delle specie e tutti gli altri parametri
necessari ai botanici. Lo stesso sistema usato per le
montagne europee, esperimento iniziato nel 2001
con primo monitoraggio nel 2008. Il secondo ci sarà
nel 2015 e in quella occasione anche le specie lombarde sotto osservazione, circa 200, entrate quindi
nel progetto Gloria, diranno agli specialisti, numeri
alla mano, se stanno scomparendo inesorabilmente
dalle nostre montagne.
Ma non dal mondo. I semi a rischio vengono raccolti per la conservazione del germoplasma. Messi
ad essiccare grazie ad apposite apparecchiature,
vengono poi congelati a -18 e quindi stoccati. Pronti
a rigermogliare, appena il clima, da qualche parte
nella terra, lo consentirà.
© RIPRODUZIONE RISERVATA
LINARIA
TONZIGII
Specie
esclusiva
delle Orobie
bergamasche,
ha un fiore
giallo
di rara
bellezza
SILENE
ELISABETHAE
Magnifica e
rara pianta
endemica
del
territorio
pre alpino
lombardo,
con fiore
rosa
SAXIFRAGA
DELLA
PRESOLANA
Individuata
nel 1894 da
un botanico
tedesco, fu
avvistata di
nuovo solo
nel 1956
sull’Arera
SUL CAMPO
Giovani
ricercatori
al lavoro
sulle Alpi
Orobie
individuano
l’area da
monitorare
e la
recintano
Repubblica Milano
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Fast-track warming in Europe is making
butterflies and birds fall behind in moves to
cooler habitats and prompting a worrying
turnover in alpine plant species, studies
published on Sunday said.
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The papers, both published by the journal Nature Climate Change,
are the biggest endeavour yet to pinpoint impacts on European
biodiversity from accelerating global temperatures.
Problem Birds
Butterfly on marigold. (Prakash Mathema, AFP Photo)
Butterflies
A team led by Vincent Devictor of France's National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)
found that from 1990 to 2008, average temperatures in Europe rose by one degree Celsius.
This is extremely high, about 25% greater than the global average for all of the last century.
In order to live at the same temperature, species would have to shift northward by 249
kilometres, they calculated.
But during this period, butterflies moved only 114 kilometres, and birds by just 37 kilometres.
Population decline risk
The data is derived from observations made by a network of thousands of amateur naturalists,
amounting to 1.5-million hours of fieldwork.
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The study was not designed to say whether these species are suffering as a result of warming,
which is one of the big questions in the climate-change saga.
However, the risk of population decline is clear, the authors say.
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Species that lag behind a move to a more suitable habitat accumulate a "climatic debt".
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Eventually, the impact of warming hits parts of the local food chain on which they depend, such
as caterpillars or vegetation, and this cuts into their chances of being able to adapt. Finding a
similar habitat is made more difficult by agriculture.
The second study looked at 867 samples of vegetation from 60 mountaintop sites across
Europe in an assessment of the hottest decade on record.
Continental level
Seen at local level, there was little apparent change during in the study period of 2001 to 2008.
But when the picture zoomed out to continental level, it was clear that a major turnover was
under way.
Cold-loving plants traditionally found in alpine regions were being pushed out of their habitats
by warming-loving ones, which invaded higher altitudes that were now within their grasp.
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"We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did
not expect to find such a significant change in such a short period of time," said study leader
Michael Gottfried, a University of Vienna biologist.
"Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower
mountains in Europe, we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over
within the next few decades."
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The research was the biggest plant-count of its kind in Europe, gathering 32 researchers from
13 countries. -- AFP
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23/01/2012 15:40
No mountain high enough - Canadian Geographic Blog
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A monitoring site for alpine vegetation set up in Garibaldi Provincial Park (height: 2,260m), with the
Blackcomb Glacier in the background. Photo: Kristina Swerhun.
In the not-so-distant future, mountaintops across the world may look a lot more like mountain
bases.According to a study published in the journal Nature Climate Change last week,
alpine plant communities may be changing more quickly than expected as a result of warming
temperatures.
Researchers from across Europe catalogued 867 different plant species from 60 peaks across
the continent, first in 2001 and again in 2008. They discovered that plants generally found in
warmer areas of a mountain are on the move, crowding out plants found in colder climates.
Some cold-adapted species could disappear within the next few decades.
While all of the mountain peaks in this report were located in
Europe, similar studies are underway in Canada.
The study was conducted by the Global Observation
Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA)
program, a network of researchers who monitor alpine regions
to assess and predict biodiversity and habitat loss as a result
of climate change.
According to Michael Gottfried, a key contributor to the study
and GLORIA coordinator, this is the first study to observe
these ecosystem transformations first hand on such a large
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23/01/2012 15:18
No mountain high enough - Canadian Geographic Blog
2 von 2
http://canadiangeographic.ca/blog/posting.asp?ID=496
decades.
scale. Other studies have previously predicted similar results
using models or observed changes on a regional scale.
“We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did
not expect to find such a significant change in such a short space of time,” Gottfried said in a
press release. “Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain.”
An average warming trend was noted in the study regions and 42 of the 60 summits showed
some transformation, either by loss of cold-adapted plant species or movement of
warm-adapted plants into the study site.No comprehensive
study has been completed using Canadian data through the
GLORIA program yet, but monitoring sites have been set up
and plans are in the works for more. Similar results to the
Nature study are expected here as well.
“Supposedly the same effects do and will occur [in Canada],”
said Gottfried. Many of the areas included in the study, he
says, are comparable with alpine ecosystems in North
America.
Kristina Swerhun is the volunteer coordinator of two
monitoring sites in Canada: one close to Whistler, B.C., in
Garibaldi Provincial Park and one on Vancouver Island on
Mount Arrowsmith. Swerhun is also the executive director of a
non-profit based in Whistler that manages invasive species in
Researcher Hans Roemer
the area. She helped establish
collects data at a monitoring
both sites, the first in Canada,
site in Mount Arrowsmith
as a graduate student at the
Biosphere Reserve (1,450
University of Victoria in 2006.
m). Photo: Kristina Swerhun
Site setup includes creating an
inventory of the plants in the test site area and burying
temperature loggers to collect soil temperature data.
She is using the same method for data collection as the
Researchers Bob Brett and
European researchers included in the Nature study. This
Amber Paulson collect data
ensures the data are comparable for any future reports.
in Garibaldi Provincial Park
“I didn’t create any of the protocol for the project; I followed
(2,260m). Photo: Kristina
their protocol because it is so applicable between here and
Swerhun
there,” she says. “When I do come around to doing analysis of
the data I’ll be following in their footsteps, keeping it very
consistent, making sure we gather all the data so we can do comparable analyses.”
Last summer, Swerhun returned to her sites to replace the temperature monitors and hopes to
do a full re-monitoring in 2016. This will include creating a new inventory of the plants in the
test site.
Comparing the 2006 and 2016 inventories will show how the plant community changed during
the 10-year gap. By comparing those changes with her temperature data, Swerhun will be
able to deduce the role climate change played in the transformation.
“This is a pretty unique project,” said Swerhun. “Usually when people do studies it’s over five
or ten years and there’s always an endpoint. For this it is really good that there is no endpoint,
that we can collect data for a long time. It’s one of the reasons that drew me to the project…
the data after 50 years or 100 years will be so much more valuable.”
According to Michael Gottfried, GLORIA program sites around the world will continue to be
monitored in the coming years. Eventually the data will be assembled in a global report that
will show how climate change affects alpine plant communities around the world.
For a list of other GLORIA program sites in Canada and across the globe, click here.
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23/01/2012 15:18
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sea-level Unprecedented, Man-made
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Published: January 9, 2012. University of Vienna
streams Ecologists Gain Insight into the
Likely Consequences of Global
Warming
Climate change is having a more profound effect on alpine vegetation than at first
A new insight into the impact that
warmer temperatures could have
across the world has been uncovered
by scientists …
anticipated, according to a study carried out by an international group of researchers and
published in Nature Climate Change. The first ever pan-European study of changing
mountain vegetation has found that some alpine meadows could disappear within the
next few decades.
Led by researchers from the Austrian Academy of
Sciences and the University of Vienna, biologists from
13 different countries in Europe analysed 867
vegetation samples from 60 different summits sited in
all major European mountain systems, first in 2001
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and then again just seven years later in 2008. They
river
found strong indications that, at a continental scale,
cold-loving plants traditionally found in alpine regions
are being pushed out of many habitats by warm-loving
plants.
"We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving
plants at higher altitudes, but we did not expect to find
such a significant change in such a short space of
time," said Michael Gottfried from the Global
All 32 authors involved in the study used the
same sampling procedures enabling
pan-continental comparisons to be made for the
first time, here at the Austrian Hochschwab
mountains. Credit: Harald …
Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA) programme which
coordinated the study. "Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In
some of the lower mountains in Europe, we could see alpine meadows disappearing and
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perhaps even larger than …
precipitation Scientists Make Progress in
dwarf shrubs taking over within the next few decades," he warns.
Assessing Tornado Seasons
The study, which is the largest and most comprehensive of its kind in the world,
confirmed that there is a direct link between growing summer temperature and the shift
in alpine plant composition. "While regional studies have previously made this link, this
is the first time it has been shown on a continental scale," said Gottfried. This
phenomenon, which the GLORIA researchers have called thermophilization, has now
been measured and quantified for the first time and is expressed by the researchers as a
thermophilization indicator (D). All 32 of the study's authors used exactly the same
sampling procedures and returned to the same sampling sites, thus enabling a
pan-continental comparison to be made for the first time. "We hope that our
thermophilization indicator could be used by other research groups around the world and
enable a global comparison," said Harald Pauli, GLORIA's network coordinator.
The research also showed that the effect is independent of altitude (it is happening at the
tree line as well as on high mountain peaks) and latitude (the effect is seen in northern
countries such as Scotland as well as southern mountain ranges such those on Crete).
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streams Ecologists Gain Insight into the
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Warming
A new insight into the impact that
warmer temperatures could have
across the world has been uncovered
by scientists …
MO R E »
"Our work shows that climate change affects even the outer edges of the biosphere," said
Georg Grabherr, chair of the GLORIA programme. "The thermophilisation of alpine life
zones can never be controlled directly. Adaptation strategies are not an option and we
must concentrate on mitigating climate change in order to preserve our biogenetic
treasure."
280
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European Mountain Vegetation Shows Effects of Warmer Climate
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
The decade from 2000 to 2009 was the warmest since global climate has been measured, and
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they experience, the researchers report in the June 9 issue of the Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences.
23/01/2012 15:28
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Alle 32 AutorInnen der Studie benutzten die gleiche
Untersuchungsmethodik für den ersten europaweiten
Vergleich, hier am österreichischen Hochschwab.
09.01.2012 Der Klimawandel verändert großräumig die Gebirgsvegetation.
In der ersten paneuropäischen Studie zum Vegetationswandel im
Hochgebirge zeigt ein internationales Team unter der Leitung von
ForscherInnen der Universität Wien und der Österreichischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften (ÖAW), dass die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die
alpine Vegetation stärker sind als ursprünglich angenommen. Die
Ergebnisse werden in der aktuellen Ausgabe des Fachjournals "Nature
Climate Change" veröffentlicht.
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867 Probeflächen auf 60 verschiedenen Gipfeln in allen größeren europäischen
Hochgebirgen – etwa am österreichischen Hochschwab oder im schweizerischen
Wallis – untersuchten die WissenschafterInnen. Im Vergleichszeitraum 2001 bis
2008 fanden sie auf kontinentalem Niveau deutliche Anzeichen, dass
kälteadaptierte Pflanzen von wärmeliebenden Arten zunehmend aus ihren
Lebensräumen verdrängt werden.
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Zunahme wärmeliebender Pflanzenarten
"Wir haben eine Zunahme wärmeliebender Pflanzenarten in größeren Höhen
erwartet, aber nicht in diesem deutlichen Ausmaß und in so kurzer Zeit", sagt
Michael Gottfried vom Department für Naturschutzbiologie, Vegetations- und
Landschaftsökologie der Universität Wien und leitendes Mitglied des
Forschungsprogramms GLORIA (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine
Environments), das von WissenschafterInnen des Instituts für Gebirgsforschung:
Mensch und Umwelt (IGF) der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
und der Universität Wien koordiniert wird.
BiologInnen aus 13 Ländern untersuchten im Rahmen von GLORIA unter der
Leitung der Wiener ForscherInnen die alpine Vegetation, also niedrigwüchsige
Pflanzengemeinschaften im Hochgebirge oberhalb der Baumgrenze. "Viele
kältetolerante Arten wandern buchstäblich in den Himmel. In einigen der
niedrigeren europäischen Gebirge können wir beobachten, wie die offene alpine
Graslandschaft verschwindet, und Zwergsträucher den Lebensraum in wenigen
Jahrzehnten erobern werden", warnt Michael Gottfried, der auch Erstautor der
nun in "Nature Climate Change" veröffentlichten Studie ist.
Europaweite Entwicklung
Diese Studie ist weltweit die bislang breitest angelegte Untersuchung ihrer Art.
Sie bestätigt den direkten Zusammenhang zwischen erhöhten
Sommertemperaturen und der Veränderung alpiner Lebensgemeinschaften.
"Regionale Untersuchungen haben diesen Vorgang bereits aufgezeigt. Unsere
Ergebnisse demonstrieren diese Entwicklung erstmals für den gesamten
europäischen Kontinent", sagt Gottfried.
Indikator entwickelt
Dieses Phänomen, von den GLORIA-ForscherInnen als Thermophilisierung
bezeichnet, wurde erstmalig quantitativ erfasst und als messbarer Indikator
definiert. Alle 32 an der Studie beteiligten AutorInnen wandten die selbe
Methodik auf genau dokumentierten Probeflächen an, wodurch eine europaweite
Vergleichbarkeit erst möglich wurde. "Wir hoffen, dass unser
Thermophilisierungs-Indikator von anderen Forschungsgruppen weltweit
übernommen und auf diese Weise ein globaler Vergleich möglich wird", sagt
Harald Pauli vom Institut für Gebirgsforschung der ÖAW und NetzwerkKoordinator von GLORIA.
Selbe Effekte von Schottland bis Kreta
Die ForscherInnen zeigen auch, dass dieser Effekt von der Seehöhe unabhängig
ist – er findet von der Baumgrenze bis zu den höchsten Gipfeln statt – und
ebenso von der geographischen Breite – von Schottland bis zu den
Gebirgsregionen Kretas. "Unsere Arbeit belegt, dass der Klimawandel auch die
entlegensten Winkel der Biosphäre beeinflusst", sagt Georg Grabherr,
stellvertretender Direktor des ÖAW-Instituts und Leiter von GLORIA. "Die
Thermophilisierung im Hochgebirge kann nicht vor Ort begrenzt werden.
Menschliche Anpassungsstrategien sind also keine Option. Wir müssen uns
dringend auf die Vermeidung noch stärkeren Klimawandels konzentrieren, um
den biogenetischen Schatz der Natur zu wahren".
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Über GLORIA
Das GLORIA-Programm (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine
Environments) ist ein Netzwerk von mehr als 100 Forschungsgruppen aus sechs
Kontinenten, dessen Ziel ein weltweites Monitoring der Gebirgsregionen ist. Seit
der Gründung 2001 durch ForscherInnen der Universität Wien und der
Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften hat es einen standardisierten und
langfristigen Ansatz zur Beobachtung von Gebirgsvegetation und ihrer Reaktion
auf den Klimawandel entwickelt und umgesetzt. Die europäischen
Untersuchungen werden im Jahr 2015 wiederholt, um den Fortgang der
Entwicklung aufzuzeigen.
Weitere Informationen:
Publikation
Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change. In: Nature
Climate Change, 8. Jänner 2012 (Online ahead of print)
DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1329
Wissenschaftliche Kontakte
MMag. Dr. Michael Gottfried
Department für Naturschutzbiologie, Vegetations- und Landschaftsökologie
Universität Wien
1030 Wien, Rennweg 14
T +43-1-4277-543 72
M +43-676-307 76 69
Mag. Dr. Harald Pauli
Institut für Gebirgsforschung: Mensch und Umwelt
Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
c/o Universität Wien
1030 Wien, Rennweg 14
T +43-1-4277-543 83
23/01/2012 16:00
ALTER-Net partners contribute to study of mountain-top vegetation res...
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http://www.alter-net.info/news/mountain-vegetation-nature-climate-cha...
A Long-Term Biodiversity, Ecosystem and Awareness Research Network
Researchers from several ALTER-Net partner institutes were involved in a pan-European study of high altitude vegetation
responses to climate change
Climate change is having a more profound effect on alpine vegetation than at first
anticipated, according to a study carried out by an international group of researchers and
published this week in the journal Nature Climate Change.
The research is the first ever pan-European study of changing mountain vegetation. It was
led by scientists from the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the University of Vienna and
researchers from ALTER-Net partners NERC-CEH, ILE-SAS and CSIC.
“Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower
mountains in Europe, we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs
taking over within the next few decades”
- Michael Gottfried, GLORIA programme
Cairngorm, Scotland. Photo © CEH
Biologists from 13 different countries in Europe analysed 867 vegetation samples from 60 different summits sited in all major
European mountain systems. Samples were taken first in 2001 and then again in 2008.
The researchers found strong indications that, at a continental scale, cold-loving plants traditionally found in alpine regions are
being pushed out of many habitats by warm-loving plants.
“We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did not expect to find such a significant
change in such a short space of time,” said Michael Gottfried from the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine
Environments (GLORIA) programme which coordinated the study.
“Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower mountains in Europe, we could see alpine
meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within the next few decades,” he warned.
The study, which is the largest and most comprehensive of its kind in the world, confirmed that there is a direct link between
growing summer temperature and the shift in alpine plant composition. “While regional studies have previously made this link, this
is the first time it has been shown on a continental scale,” said Gottfried. This phenomenon, which the GLORIA researchers have
called thermophilization, has now been measured and quantified for the first time and is expressed by the researchers as a
thermophilization indicator.
All 32 of the study’s authors used exactly the same sampling procedures and returned to the same sampling sites, thus enabling
a pan-continental comparison to be made for the first time. “We hope that our thermophilization indicator could be used by other
research groups around the world and enable a global comparison,” said Harald Pauli, GLORIA’s network coordinator.
The research also showed that the effect is independent of altitude (it is happening at the tree line as well as on high mountain
peaks) and latitude (the effect is seen in northern countries such as Scotland as well as southern mountain ranges such those on
Crete).
Our work shows that climate change affects even the outer edges of the biosphere,” said Georg Grabherr, chair of the GLORIA
programme. “The thermophilization of alpine life zones can never be controlled directly. Adaptation strategies are not an option
and we must concentrate on mitigating climate change in order to preserve our biogenetic treasure.”
Additional information
The paper (“Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change”) was published by Nature Climate Change
(10 January 2012, doi: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1329)
GLORIA network
Press release issued by University of Vienna
Filed under: news:ext
23/01/2012 15:33
Loose Leaf: How Climate Change Is Affecting Alpine Plant Species | A...
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Home :: 2012 :: January :: Missing the Cold
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Loose Leaf
Missing the Cold
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January 10th, 2012 by Michelle Werts
Recent Blog Posts
Missing the
Cold
As we experience what I’m affectionately dubbing the dog days of winter — aka the unseasonably warm temperatures that
much of the country has been experiencing of late — the news that some cold-loving flora may not survive the coming decades
because of warming temperatures is hardly surprising, but still mightily depressing.
According to researchers at the Austrian Academy
Let It Snow!
of Sciences and the University of Vienna,
cold-loving plants across Europe’s mountains are
Forested
Beauty
quickly losing ground to their warm-loving
brethren. Biologists first took samples in 2001 at
60 summits across Europe. They returned seven
When Wolves
Come to Town
years later for comparative samples and were
Forest
Thinning: Too
Much of a Good
Thing?
In a press release on the study, Dr. Michael
surprised at what awaited them.
Gottfried of the Global Observation Research
Initiative in Alpine Environments, which
coordinated the study, says, “We expected to find
a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher
altitudes, but we did not expect to find such a
significant change in such a short space of time.
Blog Roll
The Guardian (UK)
Inhabitat
National
Resources
Defense Council
Researchers collecting samples on the Austrian Hochschwab Mountains. Credit: Harald
Pauli
Many cold-loving species are literally running out
of mountain. In some of the lower mountains in
Europe, we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within the next few decades.” Eep!
Regional studies have been supporting this theory for quite awhile, but this new research purports to be the first to examine the
issue on a continental scale. One of the results that I found particularly interesting is that the invasion of warm-loving plants isn’t
tied to altitude: plants along the treeline, as well as those along the high mountain peaks, are all being affected. Also, the effects
were similar across the continent from the high north of Scotland to the Greek isles. Not good.
The New York
Times
Treehugger
Someone needs to go tell the warm-loving plants to stop bullying their cold-loving friends. And if we could work on stopping the
warming trend, I’m sure they’d be mighty appreciative. Good thing trees can help the climate by storing carbon, which helps
reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the air. So helping protect our forests may help protect our plants. I like it!
USDA
Yale Environment
360
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Leave a Reply
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10.01.2012 21:03
Climate change is altering mountain vegetation at large scale
1 von 2
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120108143550.htm
News
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Climate Change Is Altering Mountain Vegetation at Large Scale
ScienceDaily (Jan. 8, 2012) — Climate change is
having a more profound effect on alpine vegetation
than at first anticipated, according to a study
carried out by an international group of
researchers and published in Nature Climate
Change. The first ever pan-European study of
changing mountain vegetation has found that
some alpine meadows could disappear within the
next few decades.
Led by researchers from the
Austrian Academy of Sciences and
the University of Vienna, biologists
Plants & Animals
from 13 different countries in Europe
Nature
analysed 867 vegetation samples
Endangered Plants from 60 different summits sited in all
Endangered Animals major European mountain systems,
first in 2001 and then again just
Earth & Climate
seven years later in 2008. They
Climate
found strong indications that, at a
Environmental
continental scale, cold-loving plants
Issues
traditionally found in alpine regions
Global Warming
are being pushed out of many
habitats by warm-loving plants.
Reference
Tundra
"We expected to find a greater
Alpine Fault
number of warm-loving plants at
Climate
higher altitudes, but we did not
Geology of the Alps expect to find such a significant
See Also:
change in such a short space of
time," said Michael Gottfried from
the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine
Environments (GLORIA) programme which coordinated the
study. "Many cold-loving species are literally running out of
mountain. In some of the lower mountains in Europe, we could
see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking
over within the next few decades," he warns.
The study, which is the largest and most comprehensive of its
kind in the world, confirmed that there is a direct link between
growing summer temperature and the shift in alpine plant
composition. "While regional studies have previously made this
link, this is the first time it has been shown on a continental
scale," said Gottfried. This phenomenon, which the GLORIA
researchers have called thermophilization, has now been
measured and quantified for the first time and is expressed by
the researchers as a thermophilization indicator (D). All 32 of
the study's authors used exactly the same sampling
procedures and returned to the same sampling sites, thus
enabling a pan-continental comparison to be made for the first
time. "We hope that our thermophilization indicator could be
used by other research groups around the world and enable a
global comparison," said Harald Pauli, GLORIA's network
coordinator.
The research also showed that the effect is independent of
altitude (it is happening at the tree line as well as on high
mountain peaks) and latitude (the effect is seen in northern
countries such as Scotland as well as southern mountain
ranges such those on Crete).
"Our work shows that climate change affects even the outer
edges of the biosphere," said Georg Grabherr, chair of the
GLORIA programme. "The thermophilisation of alpine life
zones can never be controlled directly. Adaptation strategies
are not an option and we must concentrate on mitigating
climate change in order to preserve our biogenetic treasure."
Recommend this story on Facebook, Twitter,
and Google +1:
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Story Source:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by
University of Vienna.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For
further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
1. Michael Gottfried, Harald Pauli, Andreas Futschik, Maia
Akhalkatsi, Peter Barančok, José Luis Benito Alonso,
Gheorghe Coldea, Jan Dick, Brigitta Erschbamer, Marı´a
Rosa Fernández Calzado, George Kazakis, Ján Krajči, Per
Larsson, Martin Mallaun, Ottar Michelsen, Dmitry Moiseev,
Pavel Moiseev, Ulf Molau, Abderrahmane Merzouki, Laszlo
Nagy, George Nakhutsrishvili, Bård Pedersen, Giovanni
Pelino, Mihai Puscas, Graziano Rossi, Angela Stanisci,
Jean-Paul Theurillat, Marcello Tomaselli, Luis Villar, Pascal
Vittoz, Ioannis Vogiatzakis, Georg Grabherr.
Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to
climate change. Nature Climate Change, 2012; DOI:
10.1038/NCLIMATE1329
Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use
one of the following formats:
University of Vienna (2012, January 8). Climate
change is altering mountain vegetation at large
MLA scale. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 23,
2012, from http://www.sciencedaily.com
/releases/2012/01/120108143550.htm
APA
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not
necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
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more breaking science news
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All 32 authors involved in the study used the same
sampling procedures enabling pan-continental
comparisons to be made for the first time, here at
the Austrian Hochschwab mountains. (Credit:
Harald Pauli)
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Dramatischer Artenwandel über der Baumgrenze
1 von 3
Suchtext
Politik
Wirtschaft
Wissen
Umwelt
Kultur
Freizeit
Da muss man hin
Gesellschaft
Home
http://www.alpenmagazin.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=art...
Frankreich
Schweiz
Italien
Deutschland
Liechtenstein
Dramatischer Artenwandel über der
Baumgrenze
Geschrieben von: Urs Fitze
Österreich
Slowenien
Aphorismus-Generator ©
Das gute alte Kalenderblatt gibt es kaum
mehr. Dafür unseren AphorismusGenerator der Alpen.
In allen Gipfelregionen der Gebirge Europas verändert sich die Vegetation
oberhalb der Baumgrenze in geradezu rasendem Tempo. Die Ursache: der
Klimawandel. Manchen kälteliebenden Arten bleibt nur der Himmel.
Dossier
Alpenlexikon
Parks in den Alpen
Welterbe
Stoppen Sie per Klick oder warten Sie
Ihren Sinnspruch ab und mailen Sie uns
Ihre Überlegungen dazu. Die besten
Zusendungen werden hier veröffentlicht!
Unterhaltung
Comic
Film
Klang
Radionovela (1-30)
Bild der Woche
Publikationen
Wettbewerb
Leserbriefe
Archiv
Links
Italien - Wenn es dunkel wird auf den
Über uns
Danke für Ihre
Unterstützung!
Mit derselben Untersuchungsmethodik verglichen Forscher aus ganze Europa
die Vegetation oberhalb der Baumgrenze, hier am österreichischen Hochschwab
(Bild: Harald Pauli)
Skipisten, kommt die Zeit der RatracFahrer, die nächtens dafür sorgen, dass
am nächsten Skitag die Pisten [ ... ]
Von „Lefka Ori“ – Gebirge in Kreta über die Sierra Nevada im südlichen
Spanien, die Ost-Karpaten in Rumänien, die westlichen, zentralen und östlichen
Alpen, dem südlichen und polaren Ural, die Cairngorms in Schottland oder die
Skanden Schwedens: Das Bild ist überalle dasselbe. "Wir haben binnen von nur
Newsletter
Aktuelle
Besucherzahl:
Wir haben 21
Gäste online
sieben Jahren eine starke Zunahme wärmeliebender Pflanzenarten in grösseren
Höhen. Das Ausmass liegt weit über unseren Erwartungen“, sagt Michael
Gottfried vom Department für Naturschutzbiologie, Vegetations- und
Landschaftsökologie der Universität Wien. Er ist leitendes Mitglied des
Alpensplitter
Thema gesetzt - und gleich
vergessen
Nichts weniger als „der grosse Wandel“
Forschungsprogramms GLORIA (Global Observation Research Initiative in
Alpine Environments). Es wird vom Instituts für Gebirgsforschung, Mensch und
wird am diesjährigen
Weltwirtschaftsforum in Davos
Umwelt (IGF) der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und der
Universität Wien koordiniert. Biologinnen und Biologen aus 13 Ländern
beschworen. Das ist eine Anspielung auf
die wirtschaftl [ ... ]
untersuchten im Rahmen von GLORIA 867 Probeflächen auf 60 verschiedenen
Gipfeln in allen größeren europäischen Hochgebirgen – etwa am
österreichischen Hochschwab oder im schweizerischen Wallis – untersuchten die
Wissenschafterinnen und Wissenschaftler. Alle 32 an der Studie beteiligten
AutorInnen wandten dieselbe Methodik auf genau dokumentierten Probeflächen
an, wodurch eine europaweite Vergleichbarkeit erst möglich wurde. Ihr Interesse
galt der alpinen Vegetation, niedrigwüchsigen Pflanzengemeinschaften oberhalb
der Baumgrenze. Etwa 2500 Arten leben in diesen unwirtlichen Gegenden mit
langen Wintern und sehr kurzen Sommern. Das entspricht einem Fünftel des
europäischen Pflanzenbestandes auf einer Fläche von nur gerade drei Prozent
Radionovela
„Zwischen Heugabel und Businessplan“
erzählt von den Freuden und Leiden einer
modernen Bauernfamilie in der Schweiz.
Kontinentaleuropas. Sie verglichen dabei die Resultate aus den Jahren 2001 und
2008 und fanden überall deutliche Anzeichen, dass die an die Kälte bestens
gewohnten Arten von wärmeliebenden Pflanzen zunehmend aus ihren
Lebensräumen verdrängt werden. Diese Effekte sind von der Seehöhe und der
geographischen Breite unabhängig. Sie finden sich von der Baumgrenze bis zu
den höchsten Gipfeln und von Schottland bis zu den Gebirgsregionen
Kretas."Viele Arten wandern buchstäblich in den Himmel. In einigen der
niedrigeren europäischen Gebirge können wir zudem beobachten, wie die offene
alpine Graslandschaft verschwindet und Zwergsträucher den Lebensraum in
wenigen Jahrzehnten erobern werden", warnt Gottfried.
Gewinner und Verlierer
Zum Beispiel der Alpenmannsschild: Androsace alpina ist ein Spezialist für
extreme Lagen. Die Pflanze mit sternförmigen, lilafarbigen Blüten gedeiht auf
Steinschutt- und Geröllfluren der so genannten „subnivalen und nivalen"
Höhenstufe um 3000 Meter über Meer. Oder der Gletscherhahnenfuss
23/01/2012 15:23
Dramatischer Artenwandel über der Baumgrenze
2 von 3
http://www.alpenmagazin.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=art...
(Ranunculus glacialis), der in der Schweiz noch in Höhen über 4000 Meter
Donatoren
anzutreffen ist: Er übersteht nach einem harten Winter auch einen Sommer
unter einer Schneedecke. Doch die beiden Charakterpflanzen des Hochgebirges
sind auf dem Rückzug. Um fast die Hälfte hat die Bedeckung mit
Alpenmannsschild am Schrankogl (3497 Meter) im Stubaier Gebirge im Tirol in
nur zehn Jahren abgenommen, beim Gletscherhahnenfuss ist es rund ein Achtel.
Der Schrankogl gehört zu den best untersuchten Bergen der Welt. Die Wiener
Wissenschaftler haben ein dichtes Netz an Untersuchungsflächen gelegt, das sie
nun periodisch untersuchen, um Veränderungen der Vegetation auf die Spur zu
kommen. Verdrängt werden die nivalen Spezialisten etwa von der Krummsegge,
einer der häufigsten Arten auf alpinen Rasenflächen, wo sie bis zu 70 Prozent der
Biomasse ausmacht. Wo sie gehäuft vorkommt, hat der Alpenmannsschild keine
Chance mehr. Nur in den Uebergangszonen, den sogenannten Oekotonen im
Höhenbereich von 2900 bis 3100 Metern, gibt es eine Koexistenz. Hier ist die
Biodiversität höher als im geschlossenen Krummseggenrasen.
Modellrechnungen hatten erwarten lassen, dass Arten wie der Alpenmannsschild
sich schwer tun mit den höheren Durchschnittstemperaturen, die im Alpenraum
Die wohlplacierte Spende
www.alpenmagazin.org wird inhaltlich
getragen von einem Team freischaffender
Journalistinnen und Journalisten. Die
Finanzierung ist eine Gratwanderung.
Unterstützen Sie unser Projekt.
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rund doppelt so schnell steigen wie im globalen Durchschnitt. Diese
Befürchtungen seien nicht nur bestätigt, sondern in ihrem Ausmass noch
Alpen-Quiz
übertroffen worden, sagt Pauli. Auf 172 der am Schrankogl untersuchten Flächen
fand sich der Alpenmannsschild in deutlich reduzierter Dichte. Der Rückgang
Welche Frau stand zuerst auf dem
Matterhorn? Wo liegt der grösste See der
liegt bei 47,5 Prozent. Doch auch andere Spezialisten der nivalen Zone wie das
Einblütige Hornkraut (Cerastium uniflorum, minus 28.7 Prozent) oder der
Alpen? Beweisen Sie Ihr breitgestreutes
Wissen zum Alpenraum im neuen
Moossteinbrech (Saxifraga bryoides, minus 13.3 Prozent) sind deutlich seltener
geworden. Zu den „Gewinnern" zählen Arten der alpinen und subnivalen Zonen:
Alpen-Quiz aus Kultur, Geschichte und
mehr.
das Stengellose Leimkraut (Silene exscapa, plus 13.3 Prozent) oder das Kopfgras
(Oreochloa disticha, plus 7.1 Prozent).
Der Alpenmannsschild wird von wärmeliebenden Pflanzen bedrängt (Bild:
Michael Gottfried)
Klimaerwärmung als Hauptursache
Die Indizien verdichten sich, dass die Klimaerwärmung die Hauptursache dafür
ist. Die hochalpine Vegetation hat sich bereits im Laufe der vergangenen 150
Jahre, die im Alpenraum eine Klimaerwärmung von 1.3 Grad mit sich brachte,
verändert. Das haben die unter Georg Grabherrs Leitung in den Jahren 1992 und
1993 durchgeführten Untersuchungen auf 30 Alpengipfeln gezeigt. Dort liegen
botanische Bestandesaufnahmen vor, die bis in die 1830er Jahre zurückreichen.
Eine erneute Begehung zu Beginn der 90er Jahre erbrachte ein eindeutiges
Resultat: "Die Artenvielfalt hat erheblich zugenommen, weil Arten von unten
nachgerückt sind", sagt Harald Pauli. Am Piz Linard im Engadin (3411) etwa, wo
in der Gipfelzone bei einer ersten Aufnahme 1835 nur eine Art entdeckt worden
war, stieg diese Zahl bis zur nächsten Erhebung 1937 auf zehn, um dann für das
nächste halbe Jahrhundert zu stagnieren. Aussagen über das Ausmass von zu
erwartenden Veränderungen von Vegetationsmustern liessen sich aber damit
nicht machen. Denn die Verbreitungsgeschwindigkeit von Alpenpflanzen ist
extrem langsam. Sie bewegt sich bei manchen Arten, wie etwa bei der
Krummsegge, jährlich im Millimeterbereich. "Mit dem exakten Monitoring
dieser langfristigen Entwicklung beschreiten wir neue Pfade," sagt der
Hochgebirgs-Ökologe Harald Pauli. Mit der nun vorgelegten Studie zur
Veränderung der alpinen Vegetation in Europa liegen nun weltweit erstmals
Daten vor, die den Zusammenhang zwischen erhöhten Sommertemperaturen
und der Veränderung alpiner Pflanzengemeinschaften für einen ganzen
Kontinent belegen. Die Gloria-Forscher sprechen von der „Thermophilisierung“
und haben dazu einen Indikator entwickelt, der auch einen globalen Vergleich
ermöglicht.
"Unsere Arbeit belegt, dass der Klimawandel auch die entlegensten Winkel der
Biosphäre beeinflusst", sagt Georg Grabherr, stellvertretender Direktor des
ÖAW-Instituts und Leiter von GLORIA. "Die Thermophilisierung im
Hochgebirge kann nicht vor Ort begrenzt werden. Menschliche
Anpassungsstrategien sind also keine Option. Wir müssen uns dringend auf die
Vermeidung noch stärkeren Klimawandels konzentrieren, um den
biogenetischen Schatz der Natur zu wahren".
23/01/2012 15:23
Dramatischer Artenwandel über der Baumgrenze
3 von 3
http://www.alpenmagazin.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=art...
Über GLORIA
Das GLORIA-Programm (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine
Environments) ist ein Netzwerk von mehr als 100 Forschungsgruppen aus sechs
Kontinenten, dessen Ziel ein weltweites Monitoring der Gebirgsregionen ist. Seit
der Gründung 2001 durch ForscherInnen der Universität Wien und der
Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften hat es einen standardisierten
und langfristigen Ansatz zur Beobachtung von Gebirgsvegetation und ihrer
Reaktion auf den Klimawandel entwickelt und umgesetzt. Die europäischen
Untersuchungen werden im Jahr 2015 wiederholt, um den Fortgang der
Entwicklung aufzuzeigen.
Weitere Informationen: http://www.gloria.ac.at/
Publikation:
Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change. In: Nature
Climate Change, 8. Jänner 2012 (Online ahead of print), DOI:
10.1038/NCLIMATE1329
Twittern
Impressum
Was wir erreichen wollen
Anschrift:
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Pressebüro Seegrund, Postfach 445, CH-9004 St. Gallen
Tel. +41 (0)71 671 10 73, Fax +41 (0)71 671 10 70, http://www.seegrund.ch
schwarz-weisses Bild der Alpen gemalt. Es fehlen die Farbtöne, es fehlt der
Tiefgang, und oft herrscht schlicht Schweigen im Blätterwald. Wir möchten
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Climate change is altering mountain vegetation at large scale, European ...
1 of 2
http://www.fedre.org/ru/node/4391
Европейский фонд по устойчивому раэвитию регионов
Climate change is altering mountain vegetation at large scale, European research says
10.01.2012 Climate
The decade from 2000 to 2009 was the warmest since global climate has been
measured, and while localized studies have shown evidence of changes in
mountain plant communities that reflect this warming trend, no study has yet
taken a continental-scale view of the situation – until now.
With the publication of "Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to
climate change," scheduled for Advance Online Publication (AOP) in Nature
Climate Change on 8 January, researchers from 13 countries report clear and
statistically significant evidence of a continent-wide warming effect on
mountain plant communities.
The findings are "clearly significant," says Ottar Michelsen, a researcher at the Norwegian University of Science and
Technology and one of the article's co-authors. "You can find studies that have shown an effect locally, and where
researchers try to say something more globally, but in this case, when you have so many mountains in so many
regions and can show an effect, that's a big thing."
The article describes the results of a comprehensive effort to measure plant community changes in the mountains
over the whole of Europe, with nearly a decade of time between the sampling efforts. Researchers looked at 60
summit sites and 867 vegetation samples from 17 mountain areas across Europe in 2001 and then revisited the
mountain sample sites in 2008. In Norway, researchers studied mountain plots in the Dovre region of central
Norway.
By comparing the vegetation found in the sample plots in 2001 and 2008, the researchers were able to see a clear
shift in the species in the plots towards species that preferred warmer temperatures.
More specifically, the researchers assigned what they called an altitudinal rank to all 764 plant species included in
the study. The rank reflects the temperature at which each species has its optimum performance. And because
altitude and temperature are directly correlated in each mountain area (the higher your altitude in the mountains,
in general, the colder it will be) the location on the mountain where a plant is found reflects its response to the
actual temperature at that location.
By summing the altitudinal ranks for the species in the plots, the researchers then used a mathematical formula to
give each plot a "thermic vegetation indicator". The indicator was calculated for each plot for 2001 and 2008, and
the change in the indicator over the 7 years between sample periods showed researchers whether the mix of plants
in each plot had stayed the same or shifted on average to plant types that preferred either colder or warmer
temperatures. They then combined the data for the 17 mountain areas for the two time periods to get a
continental-scale view of what kind of change, if any, might be underway.
"The transformation of plant communities on a continental scale within less than a decade can be considered a rapid
ecosystem response to ongoing climate warming," the researchers wrote. "Although the signal is not statistically
significant for single mountain regions, it is clearly significant when data throughout Europe are pooled."
The finding is significant both because the shift in plant communities could be clearly detected over time, but also
because it suggests that plants adapted to colder temperatures that are now found in alpine plant communities will
be subject to more competition, which "may lead to declines or even local disappearance of alpine plant species,"
the researchers note. "In fact, declines of extreme high-altitude species at their lower range margins have recently
been observed in the Alps."
More information: Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change. Nature Climate
Change, Jan 8, 2012 (Online ahead of print) DOI:10.1038/NCLIMATE1329
10.01.2012 22:31
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Climate change is altering mountain vegetation at large scale
posted on: january 8, 2012 - 6:31pm
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Climate change is having a more profound effect on alpine vegetation than
at first anticipated, according to a study carried out by an international
group of researchers and published in Nature Climate Change. The first
ever pan-European study of changing mountain vegetation has found that
some alpine meadows could disappear within the next few decades.
Led by researchers from the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the
University of Vienna, biologists from 13 different countries in Europe
analysed 867 vegetation samples from 60 different summits sited in all
major European mountain systems, first in 2001 and then again just seven
years later in 2008. They found strong indications that, at a continental scale, cold-loving plants
traditionally found in alpine regions are being pushed out of many habitats by warm-loving plants.
"We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did not expect to
find such a significant change in such a short space of time," said Michael Gottfried from the Global
Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA) programme which coordinated the
study. "Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower mountains in
Europe, we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within the next few
decades," he warns.
This alpine species (Nevadensia purpurea) could disappear from some European mountains in the next few decades.
(Photo Credit: Harald Pauli)
The study, which is the largest and most comprehensive of its kind in the world, confirmed that there is a
direct link between growing summer temperature and the shift in alpine plant composition. "While regional
studies have previously made this link, this is the first time it has been shown on a continental scale," said
Gottfried. This phenomenon, which the GLORIA researchers have called thermophilization, has now been
measured and quantified for the first time and is expressed by the researchers as a thermophilization
indicator (D). All 32 of the study's authors used exactly the same sampling procedures and returned to the
same sampling sites, thus enabling a pan-continental comparison to be made for the first time. "We hope
that our thermophilization indicator could be used by other research groups around the world and enable a
global comparison," said Harald Pauli, GLORIA's network coordinator.
The research also showed that the effect is independent of altitude (it is happening at the tree line as well as
on high mountain peaks) and latitude (the effect is seen in northern countries such as Scotland as well as
southern mountain ranges such those on Crete).
We did not expect to find such a significant change in such a short space of time,
said Michael Gottfried, lead author of the study.
(Photo Credit: Verena Schaeffer)
"Our work shows that climate change affects even the outer edges of the biosphere," said Georg Grabherr,
chair of the GLORIA programme. "The thermophilisation of alpine life zones can never be controlled
directly. Adaptation strategies are not an option and we must concentrate on mitigating climate change in
08.01.2012 21:56
Yale Environment 360: Mountain Plants Disappearing As The Climate ...
http://e360.yale.edu/digest/mountain_plants_disappearing_as_the_clima...
09 JAN 2012: MOUNTAIN PLANTS DISAPPEARING
AS THE CLIMATE WARMS, NEW STUDY SAYS
A new study says that a warming climate is having a more profound effect on the world’s mountain
vegetation than previously believed and that some alpine meadows could vanish altogetherwithin a few
Yale Environment 360 is
a publication of the
Yale School of Forestry
& Environmental Studies.
SEARCH E360
decades. After comparing vegetation samples from 60 mountain summits in 13
View photos
European nations — collected in 2001 and then again in 2008 — a team of scientists
GO
found that cold-loving plants are being pushed out by plants that thrive in warmer
temperatures. While earlier studies have made this conclusion at regional levels,
researchers say this is the first time that the phenomenon has been shown on a
Harald Pauli
The alpine species
Nevadensia purpurea
continental scale. And they say it is happening more quickly than expected. “Many
cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain,” said Michael Gottfried, a
researcher with the Austria-based Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine
Environments, which coordinated the study. “In some of the lower mountains in
Europe, we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over
within the next few decades.” The study is published in the journal Nature Climate Change.
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Warmer global temperatures alter European alpine plant mix
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Warm er global tem peratures alter European alpine plant m ix
Mittwoch, 11. Januar 2012 The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Researchers from 13 countries report clear and statistically significant evidence of a continent-wide
warming effect on European mountain plant communities in a new article in Nature Climate Change.
The decade from 2000 to 2009 was the warmest since the initiation of worldwide climate
measurements, and while localized studies have shown evidence of changes in mountain plant
communities that reflect this warming trend, no study has yet taken a continental-scale view of the
situation – until now.
With the publication of "Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change," as an
Advance Online Publication (AOP) in Nature Climate Change on 8 January 2012, researchers from 13
countries report clear and statistically significant evidence of a continent-wide warming effect on
mountain plant communities.
These results are "clearly significant," says Ottar Michelsen, a researcher at the Norwegian University of
Science and Technology (NTNU) and one of the article's co-authors. "You can find studies that have
shown an effect locally, and where researchers try to say something more globally, but in this case,
when you have so many mountains in so many regions and can show an effect, that's a big thing."
60 sites, 17 mountain areas
The article describes the results of a comprehensive effort to measure plant community changes in the
mountains over the whole of Europe, with nearly a decade of time between the sampling efforts.
Researchers looked at 60 summit sites and 867 vegetation samples from 17 mountain areas across
Europe in 2001 and then revisited the mountain sample sites in 2008. In Norway, a team of researchers
including Michelsen and former NTNU researcher Bård Pedersen, now at the Norwegian Institute for
Nature Research, studied mountain plots in the Dovre region in central Norway.
By comparing the vegetation found in the sample plots in 2001 and 2008, the researchers were able to
see a clear shift in the species in the plots towards species that preferred warmer temperatures.
More specifically, the researchers assigned what they called an altitudinal rank to all 764 plant species
included in the study. The rank reflects the temperature at which each species has its optimum
performance. And because altitude and temperature are directly correlated in each mountain area (the
higher your altitude in the mountains, in general, the colder it will be) the location on the mountain where
a plant is found reflects its response to the actual temperature at that location.
Ranking the plant mix
By summing the altitudinal ranks for the species in the plots, the researchers then used a mathematical
Warmer global temperatures alter European alpine plant mix
http://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=115911&CultureC...
formula to give each plot a "thermic vegetation indicator". The indicator was calculated for each plot for
2001 and 2008, and the change in the indicator over the 7 years between sample periods showed
researchers whether the mix of plants in each plot had stayed the same or shifted on average to plant
types that preferred either colder or warmer temperatures.
They then combined the data for the 17 mountain areas for the two time periods to get a
continental-scale view of what kind of larger changes, if any, might be underway.
"The transformation of plant communities on a continental scale within less than a decade can be
considered a rapid ecosystem response to ongoing climate warming," the researchers wrote. "Although
the signal is not statistically significant for single mountain regions, it is clearly significant when data
throughout Europe are pooled."
The finding is significant both because the shift in plant communities could be clearly detected over time,
but also because it suggests that plants adapted to colder temperatures that are now found in alpine
plant communities will be subject to more competition, which "may lead to declines or even local
disappearance of alpine plant species," the researchers note. "In fact, declines of extreme high-altitude
species at their lower range margins have recently been observed in the Alps."
While the Nature Climate Change paper reports on European results, the overall effort is a part of a
worldwide monitoring programme being coordinated out of the University of Vienna, Austria that extends
over more than 90 mountain sites on 5 continents. The monitoring programme is called GLORIA, or the
Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments. University of Vienna researchers and
GLORIA coordinators Michael Gottfried and Harald Pauli are the paper's lead authors.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE1329
Beigefügte Dateien
Researchers Anne Olga Syverhuset and Jarle Inge Holten check a plant plot as part of a larger
study on how warmer temperatures are affecting mountain vegetation. Photo credit: Ottar
Michelsen.
Bibliographische Angaben"Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change,”
Nature Climate Change Advanced Online Publication 8 January 2012. Michael Gottfried, Harald
Pauli, Andreas Futschik, Maia Akhalkatsi, Peter Barancok, José Luis Benito Alonso, Gheorghe
Coldea, Jan Dick, Brigitta Erschbamer, María Rosa Fernández Calzado, George Kazakis, Ján
Krajˇci, Per Larsson, Martin Mallaun, Ottar Michelsen, Dmitry Moiseev, Pavel Moiseev, Ulf Molau,
Abderrahmane Merzouki, Laszlo Nagy, George Nakhutsrishvili, Bård Pedersen, Giovanni Pelino,
Mihai Puscas, Graziano Rossi, Angela Stanisci, Jean-Paul Theurillat, Marcello Tomaselli, Luis
Villar, Pascal Vittoz, Ioannis Vogiatzakis and Georg Grabherr. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038
/NCLIMATE1329
S uche
Seals, birds, and alpine plants suffer under climate change
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Seals, birds, and alpine plants suffer under climate change
Jeremy Hance
mongabay.com
January 11, 2012
The number of species identified
by scientists as vulnerable to
climate change continues to rise
along with Earth's temperature.
Recent studies have found that a
warmer world is leading to the
premature deaths of harp seal
pups (Pagophilus groenlandicus)
in the Arctic, a decline of some
duck species in Canada, shrinking
alpine meadows in Europe, and
indirect pressure on songbirds
and plants at higher altitudes in
the U.S. Scientists have long
known that climate change will
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upend ecosystems worldwide,
creating climate winners and losers, and likely leading to waves of extinction. While
the impacts of climate change on polar bears and coral reefs has been
well-documented, every year scientists add new species to the list of those already
threatened by anthropogenic climate impacts.
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As Amazon deforestation falls, food production
rises
Ice Troubles
Biggest environmental news stories of 2011
A new study in PLoS ONE has found that harp seal pups are dying en masse due to
a decline in winter sea ice.
"The kind of mortality we're seeing in eastern Canada is dramatic. Entire
year-classes may be disappearing from the population in low ice years—essentially
all of the pups die," explains David W. Johnston with the Duke University Marine
Lab in a press release. "It calls into question the resilience of the population."
The year in review for rainforests
Our top nature pictures of 2011
Harp seals require old
stable sea ice for birthing
and nursing their pups.
Mother harp seal can
nurse a pup in an
incredibly brief period: 12
days. However given
rapid melting and low ice
cover, even 12 days may
be asking too much.
"As a species, they're well
suited to deal with natural
short-term shifts in
climate, but our research
suggests they may not be
well adapted to absorb
the effects of short-term
variability combined with
Harp seal. Photo by: Matthieu Godbout.
longer-term climate
change and other human
influences such as hunting and by-catch," Johnston said.
The study found that harp seal populations in eastern Canada fluctuated with sea
ice cover in the region. Little ice cover and a weak North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO),
which also impacts seasonal ice, were found to correspond to a high level of dead
pups.
"Regardless of NAO conditions, our models show that sea ice cover in all harp seal
breeding regions in the North Atlantic have been declining by as much as 6 percent
a decade over the study period," Johnston said, adding that "the losses in bad years
outweigh the gains in good years." The study's finding correspond to observations:
seal hunters and conservationists have reported seeing seal pups drown during low
ice years.
Despite the perils of climate change to their ecosystem, harp seals are currently
listed as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List due to a large population of around 8
million animals. They are the most heavily hunted of the world's seal species.
POPULAR PAGES
Seals, birds, and alpine plants suffer under climate change
http://news.mongabay.com/2012/0111-hance_climatechange_biodiversit...
Earlier Springs
While some people may be happier to see Spring arrive a little earlier, it can wreak
havoc on migrating species that depend on nature's seasonal rhythms as a recent
study in Global Change Biology has solved the case of missing migrating ducks in
Canada. Two types of ducks, scaups and scoters, incorporating a number of species,
have seen populations drop around half in Canada since the 1970s, but researchers
have had little luck explaining why. Now, howeverm they believe they know the
cause: earlier Springs mean the ducks are missing out on prime feeding time.
"Because of climate change, the ducks don't have the food that they need when
they need it," Stuart Slattery, a research scientist with Ducks Unlimited Canada,
told CBC News.
Spring is arriving around
11 days earlier than it did
35 years ago according to
the study in the ducks'
breeding grounds. But
scaups and scoters have
not adjusted to this; by
the time they arrive the
miss out on some of the
best feeding days, ruining
the chance to nest twice.
"As this mismatch gets
worse, the ducklings are
impacted the most," said
Greater scaup (Aythya marila). Photo by: Calibas.
Slattery. "The food just
simply isn't there in the amounts that it was historically."
Slattery says not all ducks are arriving late: mallards appear to have adjusted to
the changing rhythms, but there is no certainty the scaups and scoters will
eventually learn. It may be that the change is simply happening too quickly for
them.
"We are experiencing climate change in a very real way," he concluded.
Alpine Meadows
Some plant species are also finding it difficult to adapt. A recent study in Nature
Climate Change, found that mountain vegetation across Europe, covering 867 sites
over 60 different summits, has suffered drastic climatic changes in just seven
years: between 2001 and 2001.
"We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes,
but we did not expect to find such a significant change in such a short space of
time," lead author Michael Gottfried from the Global Observation Research
Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA) program said in a press release.
The study, the largest of
its kind yet conducted
worldwide, found that
some alpine meadows
could vanish entirely
within just a few decades.
Higher summer
temperatures in the
mountains are pushing
alpine species upward and
allowing lower altitude
species to colonize new
areas. Researchers have
dubbed this process
"thermophilization."
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This alpine species (Nevadensia purpurea) could disappear from some
European mountains in the next few decades. Photo by: Harald Pauli.
"Many cold-loving species
are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower mountains in Europe,
we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within the
next few decades," Gottfried warned.
What's the solution? Given that cold-loving plants will not adapt to a warmer
climate, there's only one answer according to Gottfried: "we must concentrate on
mitigating climate change in order to preserve our biogenetic treasure."
Indirect Impacts
Climate change is also having an indirect impact on species. Ecosystems are by
their nature complex, and one change, such as warmer temperatures, is likely to
drive unexpected shifts. Scientists in the U.S. were particularly surprised to see
mountain plants and birds in the U.S. hurt not only by higher temperatures
directly, but by the elk that took advantage of them.
Climate Change
Study in Canada
Study
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Elk are considered "apex consumers," in other words they have an inordinately
large impact on their ecosystems. The presence of elk can change plant
communities, which in turn impact species all down the line.
Photos
Seals, birds, and alpine plants suffer under climate change
http://news.mongabay.com/2012/0111-hance_climatechange_biodiversit...
In the case of climate change, researchers writing in Nature Climate Change found
that higher temperatures and precipitation changes have resulted in reduced
snowfall in some U.S. mountain ranges. This decline in snow cover has meant elk
herds have stayed longer in mountain ecosystems browsing to their heart's content.
The problem is overbrowsing by the elk decreased deciduous tree survival and
degraded primate habitat for songbirds. The study mimicked the impact of longer
elk-browsing versus elk-absence in controlled fenced areas.
"This study demonstrates that the indirect effects of climate on plant communities
may be just as important as the effects of climate-change-induced mismatches
between migrating birds and food abundance because plants, including trees,
provide the habitat birds need to survive," explained U.S. Geological Survey
director Marcia McNutt in a press release.
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China
Colombia
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Deforestation
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India
Indonesia
Kenya
Madagascar
Peru
Rainforest
Tanzania
Thailand
United States
Climate change and extinction
Climate change is caused by burning fossil fuels, such as oil, gas, and coal, and
other impacts that emit carbon like deforestation. Global temperatures are
currently 0.8 degrees Celsius (1.44 degrees Fahrenheit) higher since the Industrial
Revolution. The 13 warmest years on record have all occurred in the last 15 years
with the 2000s being the warmest decade to date. Scientists have argued for
decades that the only way to mitigate climate change is to cut greenhouse gas
emissions.
Past studies have projected that a warmer planet will likley hurt everything from
lizards to African apes, and clown fish to koalas. While it is not surprising that a
warmer world will cause drastic changes to the Earth's ecosystems, scientists have
been continually alarmed at quickly these changes are already occurring. In an age
when many species already struggle against the onslaught of human societies on
nature—including habitat loss, deforestation, pollution, overexploitation for food or
medicine, and invasive species—many biologist fear climate change could be the
last straw, leading to a mass extinction.
"Ordinary people are not powerless to stop these tragic losses," Simon Stuart, Chair
of IUCN’s Species Survival Commission, said in 2009 related to the threat of
climate change to the world's biodiversity. "They can cut down on their own CO2
emissions and voice their support for strong action by their governments to change
the dire climate prognosis we are currently facing."
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Four different global temperature records show the Earth is warming. Graph
courtesy of NASA. Click to enlarge.
CITATIONS:
Drever, M.C., R.G. Clark, C. Derksen, S.M. Slattery, P. Toose, and T.D. Nudds.
2011. Population vulnerability to climate change linked to timing of breeding in
boreal ducks. Global Change Biology AIP.
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Seals, birds, and alpine plants suffer under climate change
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Michael Gottfried, Harald Pauli, Andreas Futschik, Maia Akhalkatsi, Peter Barancok,
José Luis Benito Alonso, Gheorghe Coldea, Jan Dick, Brigitta Erschbamer, María
Rosa Fernández Calzado, George Kazakis, Ján Krajci, Per Larsson, Martin Mallaun,
Ottar Michelsen, Dmitry Moiseev, Pavel Moiseev, Ulf Molau, Abderrahmane
Merzouki, Laszlo Nagy, George Nakhutsrishvili, Bård Pedersen, Giovanni Pelino,
Mihai Puscas, Graziano Rossi, Angela Stanisci, Jean-Paul Theurillat, Marcello
Tomaselli, Luis Villar, Pascal Vittoz, Ioannis Vogiatzakis & Georg Grabherr (2012).
Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change. Nature Climate
Change. DOI:10.1038/nclimate1329.
Johnston DW, Bowers MT, Friedlaender AS, Lavigne DM (2012) The Effects of
Climate Change on Harp Seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus). PLoS ONE 7(1):
e29158. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029158
Thomas E. Martin, John L. Maron. Climate impacts on bird and plant communities
from altered animal–plant interactions. Nature Climate Change, 2012; DOI:
10.1038/nclimate1348.
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Climate change is altering mountain
vegetation at large scale, European research
says
This alpine species (Nevadensia purpurea) could disappear from some European
mountains in the next few decades. Credit: Harald Pauli
The decade from 2000 to 2009 was the warmest since global climate has been measured, and while
localized studies have shown evidence of changes in mountain plant communities that reflect this
warming trend, no study has yet taken a continental-scale view of the situation - until now.
All 32 authors involved in the study used the same sampling procedures enabling
pan-continental comparisons to be made for the first time, here at the Austrian
Hochschwab mountains. Credit: Harald Pauli
With the publication of "Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change," scheduled for
Advance Online Publication (AOP) in Nature Climate Change on 8 January, researchers from 13 countries
report clear and statistically significant evidence of a continent-wide warming effect on mountain plant
communities.
The findings are "clearly significant," says Ottar Michelsen, a researcher at the Norwegian University of
Science and Technology and one of the article's co-authors. "You can find studies that have shown an effect
locally, and where researchers try to say something more globally, but in this case, when you have so many
mountains in so many regions and can show an effect, that's a big thing."
The article describes the results of a comprehensive effort to measure plant community changes in the
mountains over the whole of Europe, with nearly a decade of time between the sampling efforts.
Researchers looked at 60 summit sites and 867 vegetation samples from 17 mountain areas across Europe
in 2001 and then revisited the mountain sample sites in 2008. In Norway, researchers studied mountain
plots in the Dovre region of central Norway.
By comparing the vegetation found in the sample plots in 2001 and 2008, the researchers were able to see a
clear shift in the species in the plots towards species that preferred warmer temperatures.
"Climate change is altering mountain vegetation at large scale, European research says." PHYSorg.com. 8 Jan 2012.
http://www.physorg.com/news/2012-01-climate-mountain-vegetation-large-scale.html
Page 1/2
More specifically, the researchers assigned what they called an altitudinal rank to all 764 plant species
included in the study. The rank reflects the temperature at which each species has its optimum performance.
And because altitude and temperature are directly correlated in each mountain area (the higher your altitude
in the mountains, in general, the colder it will be) the location on the mountain where a plant is found
reflects its response to the actual temperature at that location.
By summing the altitudinal ranks for the species in the plots, the researchers then used a mathematical
formula to give each plot a "thermic vegetation indicator". The indicator was calculated for each plot for
2001 and 2008, and the change in the indicator over the 7 years between sample periods showed researchers
whether the mix of plants in each plot had stayed the same or shifted on average to plant types that
preferred either colder or warmer temperatures. They then combined the data for the 17 mountain areas for
the two time periods to get a continental-scale view of what kind of change, if any, might be underway.
"The transformation of plant communities on a continental scale within less than a decade can be
considered a rapid ecosystem response to ongoing climate warming," the researchers wrote. "Although the
signal is not statistically significant for single mountain regions, it is clearly significant when data
throughout Europe are pooled."
The finding is significant both because the shift in plant communities could be clearly detected over time,
but also because it suggests that plants adapted to colder temperatures that are now found in alpine plant
communities will be subject to more competition, which "may lead to declines or even local disappearance
of alpine plant species," the researchers note. "In fact, declines of extreme high-altitude species at their
lower range margins have recently been observed in the Alps."
More information: Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change. Nature Climate
Change, Jan 8, 2012 (Online ahead of print) DOI:10.1038/NCLIMATE1329
Provided by University of Vienna
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, no part
may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.
"Climate change is altering mountain vegetation at large scale, European research says." PHYSorg.com. 8 Jan 2012.
http://www.physorg.com/news/2012-01-climate-mountain-vegetation-large-scale.html
Page 2/2
ECN Cairngorms site involved in European research suggesting climate...
http://www.ecn.ac.uk/news/cairngorms-mountain-vegetation-climate-ch...
Researchers at ECN Cairngorms have contributed to a pan-European study of vegetation
response to climate change
Samples from the Cairngorms were analysed by CEH as part of the study
Climate change is having a more profound effect on alpine vegetation than at first anticipated, according
to a study carried out by an international group of researchers and published this week in the journal
Nature Climate Change.
The research is the first ever pan-European study of changing mountain vegetation. It was led by
scientists from the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the University of Vienna and involved the ECN
Cairngorms site manager, Jan Dick from the NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH).
“Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower
mountains in Europe, we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking
over within the next few decades”
- Michael Gottfried, GLORIA programme
Biologists from 13 different countries in Europe analysed 867 vegetation samples from 60 different
summits sited in all major European mountain systems. This included four summits in the Cairngorms
in Scotland, all within the ECN site. Samples were taken first in 2001 and then again in 2008.
The researchers found strong indications that, at a continental scale, cold-loving plants traditionally
found in alpine regions are being pushed out of many habitats by warm-loving plants.
“We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did not expect
to find such a significant change in such a short space of time,” said Michael Gottfried from the Global
Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA) programme which coordinated the
study.
“Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower mountains in
Europe, we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within the next few
decades,” he warned.
The study, which is the largest and most comprehensive of its kind in the world, confirmed that there is
a direct link between growing summer temperature and the shift in alpine plant composition. “While
regional studies have previously made this link, this is the first time it has been shown on a continental
scale,” said Gottfried. This phenomenon, which the GLORIA researchers have called thermophilization,
has now been measured and quantified for the first time and is expressed by the researchers as a
ECN Cairngorms site involved in European research suggesting climate...
http://www.ecn.ac.uk/news/cairngorms-mountain-vegetation-climate-ch...
thermophilization indicator.
All 32 of the study’s authors used exactly the same sampling procedures and returned to the same
sampling sites, thus enabling a pan-continental comparison to be made for the first time. “We hope that
our thermophilization indicator could be used by other research groups around the world and enable a
global comparison,” said Harald Pauli, GLORIA’s network coordinator.
The research also showed that the effect is independent of altitude (it is happening at the tree line as
well as on high mountain peaks) and latitude (the effect is seen in northern countries such as Scotland
as well as southern mountain ranges such those on Crete).
Our work shows that climate change affects even the outer edges of the biosphere,” said Georg
Grabherr, chair of the GLORIA programme. “The thermophilization of alpine life zones can never be
controlled directly. Adaptation strategies are not an option and we must concentrate on mitigating
climate change in order to preserve our biogenetic treasure.”
The Cairngorm catchment is in a pivotal position as its valuable long-term data is not only relevant to
this alpine mountain study, but is also used as a research site for Arctic studies. For example, the site is
part of the SCANNET network and the EU-funded INTERACT project.
The paper (“Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change”) was published
by Nature Climate Change (10 January 2012, doi: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1329)
ECN Cairngorm site
GLORIA network
Press release issued by University of Vienna
Research interests of Dr Jan Dick, NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology and the ECN
Cairngorms site manager
European mountain vegetation shows effects of warmer climate
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The article describes the results of a
comprehensive effort to measure plant
community changes in the mountains over the
whole of Europe, with nearly a decade of time
between the sampling efforts. Researchers looked
at 60 summit sites and 867 vegetation samples
from 17 mountain areas across Europe in 2001
and then revisited the mountain sample sites in
2008. In Norway, researchers studied mountain
plots in the Dovre region of central Norway.
By comparing the vegetation found in the sample
plots in 2001 and 2008, the researchers were
able to see a clear shift in the species in the plots towards species that preferred
warmer temperatures.
More specifically, the researchers assigned
what they called an altitudinal rank to all
764 plant species included in the study. The
rank reflects the temperature at which each
species has its optimum performance. And
because altitude and temperature are directly correlated in each mountain area
(the higher your altitude in the mountains, in general, the colder it will be) the
location on the mountain where a plant is found reflects its response to the
actual temperature at that location.
By summing the altitudinal ranks for the species in the plots, the researchers
then used a mathematical formula to give each plot a "thermic vegetation
indicator". The indicator was calculated for each plot for 2001 and 2008, and the
change in the indicator over the 7 years between sample periods showed
researchers whether the mix of plants in each plot had stayed the same or
shifted on average to plant types that preferred either colder or warmer
temperatures. They then combined the data for the 17 mountain areas for the
two time periods to get a continental-scale view of what kind of change, if any,
might be underway.
"The transformation of plant communities on a continental scale within less than
a decade can be considered a rapid ecosystem response to ongoing climate
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The finding is significant both because the shift in plant communities could be
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colder temperatures that are now found in alpine plant communities will be
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PhysOrg2012-01-08:
With the publication of “Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to
climate change,” scheduled for Advance Online Publication (AOP) in Nature Climate Change on 8 January,
researchers from 13 countries report clear and statistically significant evidence of a continent-wide warming effect on
mountain plant communities. The findings are “clearly significant,” says Ottar Michelsen, a researcher at the
Norwegian University of Science and Technology and one of the article’s co-authors. “You can find studies that have
shown an effect locally,…
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Physorg: With the publication of "Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change,"
scheduled for Advance Online Publication (AOP) in Nature Climate Change on 8 January, researchers from 13
countries report clear and statistically significant evidence of a continent-wide warming effect on mountain plant
communities. The findings are "clearly significant," says Ottar Michelsen, a researcher at the Norwegian
University of Science and Technology and one of the article's co-authors. "You can...
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News Report
Climate Change is Altering Mountain Vegetation at Large
Scale, European Research Says
1390/10/19
NGDIR News Section-- The decade from 2000 to 2009 was the
warmest since global climate has been measured, and while
localized studies have shown evidence of changes in mountain
plant communities that reflect this warming trend, no study has
yet taken a continental-scale view of the situation - until now.
With the publication of "Continent-wide response of mountain
vegetation to climate change," scheduled for Advance Online
Publication (AOP) in Nature Climate Change on 8 January,
researchers from 13 countries report clear and statistically
significant evidence of a continent-wide warming effect on
mountain plant communities.
The findings are "clearly significant," says Ottar Michelsen, a
researcher at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
and one of the article's co-authors. "You can find studies that have
shown an effect locally, and where researchers try to say
something more globally, but in this case, when you have so many
mountains in so many regions and can show an effect, that's a big
thing."
The article describes the results of a comprehensive effort to
measure plant community changes in the mountains over the
whole of Europe, with nearly a decade of time between the
sampling efforts. Researchers looked at 60 summit sites and 867
vegetation samples from 17 mountain areas across Europe in 2001
and then revisited the mountain sample sites in 2008. In Norway,
researchers studied mountain plots in the Dovre region of central
Norway.
By comparing the vegetation found in the sample plots in 2001
and 2008, the researchers were able to see a clear shift in the
species in the plots towards species that preferred warmer
temperatures.
More specifically, the researchers assigned what they called an
altitudinal rank to all 764 plant species included in the study. The
rank reflects the temperature at which each species has its
optimum performance. And because altitude and temperature are
directly correlated in each mountain area (the higher your altitude
in the mountains, in general, the colder it will be) the location on
the mountain where a plant is found reflects its response to the
actual temperature at that location.
By summing the altitudinal ranks for the species in the plots, the
researchers then used a mathematical formula to give each plot a
"thermic vegetation indicator". The indicator was calculated for
each plot for 2001 and 2008, and the change in the indicator over
the 7 years between sample periods showed researchers whether
the mix of plants in each plot had stayed the same or shifted on
average to plant types that preferred either colder or warmer
temperatures. They then combined the data for the 17 mountain
areas for the two time periods to get a continental-scale view of
what kind of change, if any, might be underway.
"The transformation of plant communities on a continental scale
10/01/2012 12:32
National Geoscience Database Of IRAN - News Report
2 von 3
http://www.ngdir.ir/News/NewsReportDetail.asp?PID=6780
within less than a decade can be considered a rapid ecosystem
response to ongoing climate warming," the researchers wrote.
"Although the signal is not statistically significant for single
mountain regions, it is clearly significant when data throughout
Europe are pooled."
The finding is significant both because the shift in plant
communities could be clearly detected over time, but also because
it suggests that plants adapted to colder temperatures that are
now found in alpine plant communities will be subject to more
competition, which "may lead to declines or even local
disappearance of alpine plant species," the researchers note. "In
fact, declines of extreme high-altitude species at their lower range
margins have recently been observed in the Alps."
More information: Continent-wide response of mountain
vegetation to climate change. Nature Climate Change, Jan 8, 2012
(Online ahead of print)
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European Mountain Vegetation Shows Effects Of Warmer
Climate
January 9, 2012
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The decade from 2000 to 2009 was the warmest since global climate has been measured, and while localized
studies have shown evidence of changes in mountain plant communities that reflect this warming trend, no study has
yet taken a continental-scale view of the situation – until now.
With the publication of “Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change,” scheduled for Advance
Online Publication (AOP) in Nature Climate Change on 8 January, researchers from 13 countries report clear and
statistically significant evidence of a continent-wide warming effect on mountain plant communities.
The findings are “clearly significant,” says Ottar Michelsen, a researcher at the Norwegian University of Science and
Technology and one of the article’s co-authors. “You can find studies that have shown an effect locally, and where
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researchers try to say something more globally, but in this case, when you have so many mountains in so many
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regions and can show an effect, that’s a big thing.”
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The article describes the results of a comprehensive effort to measure plant community changes in the mountains
over the whole of Europe, with nearly a decade of time between the sampling efforts. Researchers looked at 60
summit sites and 867 vegetation samples from 17 mountain areas across Europe in 2001 and then revisited the
mountain sample sites in 2008. In Norway, researchers studied mountain plots in the Dovre region of central Norway.
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By comparing the vegetation found in the sample plots in 2001 and 2008, the researchers were able to see a clear
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shift in the species in the plots towards species that preferred warmer temperatures.
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Systems
More specifically, the researchers assigned what they called an altitudinal rank to all 764 plant species included in
the study. The rank reflects the temperature at which each species has its optimum performance. And because
altitude and temperature are directly correlated in each mountain area (the higher your altitude in the mountains, in
general, the colder it will be) the location on the mountain where a plant is found reflects its response to the actual
temperature at that location.
By summing the altitudinal ranks for the species in the plots, the researchers then used a mathematical formula to
give each plot a “thermic vegetation indicator”. The indicator was calculated for each plot for 2001 and 2008, and
the change in the indicator over the 7 years between sample periods showed researchers whether the mix of plants
in each plot had stayed the same or shifted on average to plant types that preferred either colder or warmer
temperatures. They then combined the data for the 17 mountain areas for the two time periods to get a
continental-scale view of what kind of change, if any, might be underway.
“The transformation of plant communities on a continental scale within less than a decade can be considered a rapid
ecosystem response to ongoing climate warming,” the researchers wrote. “Although the signal is not statistically
significant for single mountain regions, it is clearly significant when data throughout Europe are pooled.”
The finding is significant both because the shift in plant communities could be clearly detected over time, but also
because it suggests that plants adapted to colder temperatures that are now found in alpine plant communities will
be subject to more competition, which “may lead to declines or even local disappearance of alpine plant species,”
the researchers note. “In fact, declines of extreme high-altitude species at their lower range margins have recently
been observed in the Alps.”
—
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Nature Climate Change
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10/01/2012 12:18
Warmer European mountains - NTNU
1 von 2
http://www.ntnu.edu/news/warmer-european-mountains
About NTNU » NTNU News 2012 » Warmer European mountains
Warmer climate, warmer European mountains
(08.01.2012) The decade from 2000 to 2009 was the warmest since the initiation of
worldwide climate measurements, and while localized studies have shown evidence of
changes in mountain plant communities that reflect this warming trend, no study has yet
taken a continental-scale view of the situation – until now.
With the publication of "Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change,"
as an Advance Online Publication (AOP) in Nature Climate Change on 8 January 2012,
researchers from 13 countries report clear
and statistically significant evidence of a
continent-wide warming effect on mountain
plant communities.
These results are "clearly significant," says
Ottar Michelsen, a researcher at the
Norwegian University of Science and
Technology (NTNU) and one of the article's
co-authors. "You can find studies that have
Researchers Anne Olga Syverhuset and
shown an effect locally, and where
researchers try to say something more
Jarle Inge Holten check a plant plot as
globally, but in this case, when you have so
many mountains in so many regions and can
show an effect, that's a big thing."
part of a larger study on how warmer
temperatures are affecting mountain
vegetation. Photo credit: Ottar Michelsen.
60 sites, 17 mountain areas
The article describes the results of a comprehensive effort to measure plant community
changes in the mountains over the whole of Europe, with nearly a decade of time between
the sampling efforts.
Researchers looked at 60 summit sites and 867 vegetation samples from 17 mountain areas
across Europe in 2001 and then revisited the mountain sample sites in 2008. In Norway, a
team of researchers including Michelsen and former NTNU researcher Bård Pedersen, now
at the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, studied mountain plots in the Dovre region in
central Norway.
By comparing the vegetation found in the sample plots in 2001 and 2008, the researchers
were able to see a clear shift in the species in the plots towards species that preferred
warmer temperatures.
More specifically, the researchers assigned what they called an altitudinal rank to all 764
plant species included in the study. The rank reflects the temperature at which each species
has its optimum performance. And because altitude and temperature are directly correlated
in each mountain area (the higher your altitude in the mountains, in general, the colder it will
be) the location on the mountain where a plant is found reflects its response to the actual
temperature at that location.
Ranking the plant mix
By summing the altitudinal ranks for the species in the plots, the researchers then used a
mathematical formula to give each plot a "thermic vegetation indicator". The indicator was
calculated for each plot for 2001 and 2008, and the change in the indicator over the 7 years
between sample periods showed researchers whether the mix of plants in each plot had
stayed the same or shifted on average to plant types that preferred either colder or warmer
temperatures.
They then combined the data for the 17 mountain areas for the two time periods to get a
continental-scale view of what kind of larger changes, if any, might be underway.
"The transformation of plant communities on a continental scale within less than a decade
can be considered a rapid ecosystem response to ongoing climate warming," the
researchers wrote. "Although the signal is not statistically significant for single mountain
regions, it is clearly significant when data throughout Europe are pooled."
The finding is significant both because the shift in plant communities could be clearly
detected over time, but also because it suggests that plants adapted to colder temperatures
that are now found in alpine plant communities will be subject to more competition, which
"may lead to declines or even local disappearance of alpine plant species," the researchers
note. "In fact, declines of extreme high-altitude species at their lower range margins have
recently been observed in the Alps."
10/01/2012 11:54
Warmer European mountains - NTNU
2 von 2
http://www.ntnu.edu/news/warmer-european-mountains
programme is called GLORIA, or the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine
Environments. University of Vienna researchers and GLORIA coordinators Michael Gottfried
and Harald Pauli are the paper's lead authors.
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10/01/2012 11:54
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Nachrichten-Archiv
News
10.01.2012
Alpine Urwiesen und Felsfluren europaweit gefährdet
Der Klimawandel verändert großräumig die Gebirgsvegetation. In der ersten paneuropäischen Studie zum
Vegetationswandel im Hochgebirge zeigt ein internationales Team unter der Leitung von ForscherInnen der Universität
Wien und der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), dass die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf
die alpine Vegetation stärker sind als ursprünglich angenommen. Die Ergebnisse werden in der aktuellen Ausgabe des
Fachjournals "Nature Climate Change" veröffentlicht.
867 Probeflächen auf 60 verschiedenen Gipfeln in allen größeren europäischen Hochgebirgen – etwa am
österreichischen Hochschwab oder im schweizerischen Wallis – untersuchten die WissenschafterInnen. Im
Vergleichszeitraum 2001 bis 2008 fanden sie auf kontinentalem Niveau deutliche Anzeichen, dass kälteadaptierte
Pflanzen von wärmeliebenden Arten zunehmend aus ihren Lebensräumen verdrängt werden.
Zunahme wärmeliebender Pflanzenarten
"Wir haben eine Zunahme wärmeliebender Pflanzenarten in größeren Höhen erwartet, aber nicht in diesem deutlichen
Ausmaß und in so kurzer Zeit", sagt Michael Gottfried vom Department für Naturschutzbiologie, Vegetations- und
Landschaftsökologie der Universität Wien und leitendes Mitglied des Forschungsprogramms GLORIA (Global
Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments), das von WissenschafterInnen des Instituts für
Gebirgsforschung: Mensch und Umwelt (IGF) der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Universität
Wien koordiniert wird.
BiologInnen aus 13 Ländern untersuchten im Rahmen von GLORIA unter der Leitung der Wiener ForscherInnen die
alpine Vegetation, also niedrigwüchsige Pflanzengemeinschaften im Hochgebirge oberhalb der Baumgrenze. "Viele
kältetolerante Arten wandern buchstäblich in den Himmel. In einigen der niedrigeren europäischen Gebirge können wir
beobachten, wie die offene alpine Graslandschaft verschwindet, und Zwergsträucher den Lebensraum in wenigen
Jahrzehnten erobern werden", warnt Michael Gottfried, der auch Erstautor der nun in "Nature Climate Change"
veröffentlichten Studie ist.
Europaweite Entwicklung
Diese Studie ist weltweit die bislang breitest angelegte Untersuchung ihrer Art. Sie bestätigt den direkten
Zusammenhang zwischen erhöhten Sommertemperaturen und der Veränderung alpiner Lebensgemeinschaften.
"Regionale Untersuchungen haben diesen Vorgang bereits aufgezeigt. Unsere Ergebnisse demonstrieren diese
Entwicklung erstmals für den gesamten europäischen Kontinent", sagt Gottfried.
Indikator entwickelt
Dieses Phänomen, von den GLORIA-ForscherInnen als Thermophilisierung bezeichnet, wurde erstmalig quantitativ
erfasst und als messbarer Indikator definiert. Alle 32 an der Studie beteiligten AutorInnen wandten die selbe Methodik auf
genau dokumentierten Probeflächen an, wodurch eine europaweite Vergleichbarkeit erst möglich wurde. "Wir hoffen,
dass unser Thermophilisierungs-Indikator von anderen Forschungsgruppen weltweit übernommen und auf diese Weise
ein globaler Vergleich möglich wird", sagt Harald Pauli vom Institut für Gebirgsforschung der ÖAW und NetzwerkKoordinator von GLORIA.
Selbe Effekte von Schottland bis Kreta
Die ForscherInnen zeigen auch, dass dieser Effekt von der Seehöhe unabhängig ist – er findet von der Baumgrenze bis
zu den höchsten Gipfeln statt – und ebenso von der geographischen Breite – von Schottland bis zu den Gebirgsregionen
Kretas. "Unsere Arbeit belegt, dass der Klimawandel auch die entlegensten Winkel der Biosphäre beeinflusst", sagt
Georg Grabherr, stellvertretender Direktor des ÖAW-Instituts und Leiter von GLORIA. "Die Thermophilisierung im
Hochgebirge kann nicht vor Ort begrenzt werden. Menschliche Anpassungsstrategien sind also keine Option. Wir
müssen uns dringend auf die Vermeidung noch stärkeren Klimawandels konzentrieren, um den biogenetischen Schatz
der Natur zu wahren".
Über GLORIA
Das GLORIA-Programm (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments) ist ein Netzwerk von mehr als
100 Forschungsgruppen aus sechs Kontinenten, dessen Ziel ein weltweites Monitoring der Gebirgsregionen ist. Seit der
Gründung 2001 durch ForscherInnen der Universität Wien und der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften hat
es einen standardisierten und langfristigen Ansatz zur Beobachtung von Gebirgsvegetation und ihrer Reaktion auf den
Klimawandel entwickelt und umgesetzt. Die europäischen Untersuchungen werden im Jahr 2015 wiederholt, um den
Fortgang der Entwicklung aufzuzeigen.
Weitere Informationen: http://www.gloria.ac.at
Publikation
Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change. In: Nature Climate Change, 8. Jänner 2012 (Online
10.01.2012 22:47
Landschaftsplanung.NET - Das Online-Magazin für die Landschaftsplanung
2 of 2
http://lapla-net.de/service/nws/result_nws.php?send_id=3028
ahead of print)
DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1329
Wissenschaftliche Kontakte
MMag. Dr. Michael Gottfried
Department für Naturschutzbiologie, Vegetations- und Landschaftsökologie
Universität Wien
1030 Wien, Rennweg 14
T +43-1-4277-543 72
M +43-676-307 76 69
[email protected]
Mag. Dr. Harald Pauli
Institut für Gebirgsforschung: Mensch und Umwelt
Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
c/o Universität Wien
1030 Wien, Rennweg 14
T +43-1-4277-543 83
M +43-699-108 744 92
[email protected]
Rückfragehinweis
Mag. Alexander Dworzak
Öffentlichkeitsarbeit
Universität Wien
1010 Wien, Dr.-Karl-Lueger-Ring 1
T +43-1-4277-175 31
M +43-664-602 77-175 31
[email protected]
(Quelle: Pressemitteilung der Universität Wien vom 10.01.2012)
10.01.2012 22:47
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Environmental News Network - 41 min 23 sec ago
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10.01.2012 21:48
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Florida refuges. The issue arose because the pilots are being paid by the conservation group Operation
Migration, violating FAA regulations that a pilot must hold a commercial rating to fly for hire. The Operation
Migration pilots are licensed to fly lightweight sport aircraft. "The FAA has granted an exemption to
Operation Migration that will allow pilots to continue to aid the whooping crane migration," the agency said
in a statement.
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9 in the journal Current Biology, suggests that the direct descendants of extinct Chelonoidis elephantopus
live on the volcanic slopes of the northern shore of Isabela Island — 200 miles from their ancestral home
of Floreana Island, where they disappeared after being hunted to extinction by whalers. "This is not just
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Mountain Plants Disappearing as The Climate Warms, New Study Says
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CLIMATE CHANGE
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JANUARY 09, 2012
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BY YALE ENVIRONMENT 360
Mountain Plants Disappearing as The Climate Warms, New Study
Says
A new study says that a warming
climate is having a more profound
effect on the world’s mountain
vegetation than previously believed
and that some alpine meadows could
vanish altogether within a few
decades. After comparing vegetation
samples from 60 mountain summits in
13 European nations — collected in
2001 and then again in 2008 — a
team of scientists found that
cold-loving plants are being pushed
out by plants that thrive in warmer
temperatures. While earlier studies
have made this conclusion at regional
levels, researchers say this is the first
time that the phenomenon has been
shown on a continental scale. And
they say it is happening more quickly
than expected. “Many cold-loving
species are literally running out of
mountain,” said Michael Gottfried, a researcher with the Austria-based Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments,
which coordinated the study. “In some of the lower mountains in Europe, we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs
taking over within the next few decades.” The study is published in the journal Nature Climate Change.
Reprinted with permission from Yale Environment 360
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11.01.2012 00:23
Plants and animals lag in habitat shift › News in Science (ABC Science)
1 of 2
News in Science
http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2012/01/09/3404503.htm
(/science/news/?site=science )
Plants and animals lag in habitat shift
Monday, 9 January 2012
AFP
Falling behind Butterflies and birds aren't moving in line
with recent temperature increases in Europe, while
cold-climate plants are being squeezed out by their warmer
cousins, according to two new studies into climate change.
The papers, both published by the journal Nature Climate
Change, aimed to pinpoint impacts on European biodiversity
from recent increases in global temperature.
In one paper (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1329 ) , a team led
by Vincent Devictor of France's National Centre for
Scientific Research ( http://www.cnrs.fr/ ) (CNRS) found that
from 1990 to 2008, average temperatures in Europe rose by
1°C.
One study found most species of butterflies
aren't moving north fast enough (Source:
This is around 25 per cent greater than the global average for Gilles Oster/iStockphoto)
all of the last century.
According to the researchers, in order to live at the same
temperature, species would have to shift northward by 249
kilometres.
Related Stories
Climate change downsizing fauna, flora
(/science/articles/2011/10/17/3341555.htm ) ,
Science Online, 18 Oct 2011
Wildlife responding fast to climate change
But during this period, butterflies moved only 114
kilometres, and birds by just 37 kilometres.
(/science/articles/2011/08/19/3297635.htm ) ,
The data derives from observations made by a network of
thousands of amateur naturalists, amounting to a
remarkable 1.5 million hours of fieldwork.
Science Online, 04 Aug 2009
Science Online, 19 Aug 2011
Elephant seals moved with climate change
(/science/articles/2009/08/04/2645375.htm ) ,
The study was not designed to say whether these species are suffering as a result of warming, however, the
risk of population decline is clear, the authors say.
Species that lag behind a move to a more suitable habitat accumulate a "climatic debt."
Eventually, the impact of warming hits parts of the local food chain on which they depend, such as
caterpillars or vegetation, and this cuts into their chances of being able to adapt. Finding a similar habitat is
made more difficult by agriculture.
Cold-loving plants feeling the squeeze
The second study (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1329 ) looked at 867 samples of vegetation from 60
mountaintop sites across Europe in an assessment of the hottest decade on record.
Seen at local level, there was little apparent change during the 2001-2008 study period.
But when the picture zoomed out to continental level, it was clear that a major turnover was under way.
Cold-loving plants traditionally found in alpine regions were being pushed out of their habitats by warmingloving ones, which invaded higher altitudes that were now within their grasp.
"We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did not expect to
find such a significant change in such a short period of time," says study leader Michael Gottfried, a
University of Vienna ( http://www.univie.ac.at/en/ ) biologist.
"Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower mountains in Europe,
we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within the next few decades."
The research was the biggest plant-count of its kind in Europe, gathering 32 researchers from 13 countries.
09.01.2012 07:00
Mountain plants face extinction ‘in decades’ - Environment - Scotsman.com http://www.scotsman.com/news/environment/mountain_plants_face_exti...
1 of 1
Monday 9 January 2012
You are here News > Environment
Published on Monday 9 January 2012 01:32
ALPINE plants that thrive in cool conditions are at risk of disappearing from Scottish mountains
because of climate change, scientists have warned.
A study, involving biologists from 13 countries, revealed that climate change was having a more
serious impact on alpine vegetation than they had expected.
The first cross-Europe survey of changing mountain vegetation has showed that some could vanish
within decades.
Michael Gottfried, of the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (Gloria)
programme, said: “Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower
mountains in Europe, we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within
the next few decades.”
The Gloria team, led from Austria, analysed 867 vegetation samples from 60 different summits across
Europe, including in the Cairngorms in Scotland.
They compared results from 2001 and 2008 and found strong evidence to suggest cold-loving plants
were being pushed out by species that preferred warmer conditions.
Among species at threat in Europe could be the edelweiss, praised in the song of the same name in
The Sound of Music. It is specially adapted to the high-life at altitudes of between 6,500ft to 9,500ft. Its
snow white, star-shaped leaves are covered in woolly hairs to protect them from the cold.
“We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did not expect
to find such a significant change in such a short space of time,” said Mr Gottfried.
The same effect was seen from southern countries such as Crete, to northern countries such as
Scotland.
The study, published in Nature Climate Change, confirmed that there is a direct link between higher
summer temperature and the shift in alpine plant composition. “While regional studies have previously
made this link, this is the first time it has been shown on a continental scale,” said Mr Gottfried.
.The phenomenon whereby cold-adapted mountain plant species are gradually replaced by
warm-adapted species is dubbed “thermophilisation” by the Gloria researchers.
“Our work shows that climate change affects even the outer edges of the biosphere,” said Georg
Grabherr, chairman of the programme. “The thermophilisation of alpine life zones can never be
controlled directly. Adaptation strategies are not an option, and we must concentrate on mitigating
climate change in order to preserve our biogenetic treasure.”
As long ago as 2003, the charity WWF warned even a temperature rise of 2C could place sensitive
mountain plants in the Alps and other ranges at risk.
Stefan Moidle, climate expert at WWF-Austria, said at the time: “Global warming is changing natural
habitats, but alpine plants cannot move to higher, cooler locations.”
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09.01.2012 07:05
Global warming: European species lag in habitat shift | Solid@rity Institute http://www.solidarityinstitute.org/2012/01/global-warming-european-s...
1 of 3
Digital Power to the People.
January 8, 2012
by Agence France-Presse
in Latest Headlines, National Centre for Scientific Research, Nature Climate
Change, Science, Vincent Devictor
Comments ( 0 )
by Agence France-Presse | source: The Raw Story
PARIS — Fast-track warming in Europe is making butterflies and birds fall behind in the
move to cooler habitats and prompting a worrying turnover in alpine plant species, studies
published Sunday said.
The papers, both published by the journal Nature Climate Change, are the biggest
endeavour yet to pinpoint impacts on European biodiversity from accelerating global
temperatures.
A team led by Vincent Devictor of France’s National Centre for Scientific Research
(CNRS) found that from 1990 to 2008, average temperatures in Europe rose by one
degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit).
This is extremely high, being around 25 percent greater than the global average for all of
the last century.
In order to live at the same temperature, species would have to shift northward by 249
kilometres (155 miles), they calculated.
But during this period, butterlies moved only 114 kms (71 miles), and birds by just 37 kms
(23 miles).
The data derives from observations made by a network of thousands of amateur
naturalists, amounting to a remarkable 1.5 million hours of fieldwork.
The study was not designed to say whether these species are suffering as a result of
warming, which is one of the big questions in the climate-change saga.
However, the risk of population decline is clear, the authors say.
Species that lag behind a move to a more suitable habitat accumulate a “climatic debt.”
Eventually, the impact of warming hits parts of the local food chain on which they depend,
such as caterpillars or vegetation, and this cuts into their chances of being able to adapt.
Finding a similar habitat is made more difficult by agriculture.
09.01.2012 02:14
Global warming: European species lag in habitat shift | Solid@rity Institute http://www.solidarityinstitute.org/2012/01/global-warming-european-s...
2 of 3
The second study looked at 867 samples of vegetation from 60 mountaintop sites across
Europe in an assessment of the hottest decade on record.
Seen at local level, there was little apparent change during the 2001-2008 study period.
But when the picture zoomed out to continental level, it was clear that a major turnover
was under way.
Cold-loving plants traditionally found in alpine regions were being pushed out of their
habitats by warming-loving ones, which invaded higher altitudes that were now within their
grasp.
“We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we
did not expect to find such a significant change in such a short period of time,” said study
leader Michael Gottfried, a University of Vienna biologist.
“Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower
mountains in Europe, we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking
over within the next few decades.”
The research was the biggest plant-count of its kind in Europe, gathering 32 researchers
from 13 countries.
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0
0
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09.01.2012 02:14
Climate change affecting Europe’s butterflies and birds — Clearing and ...
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You are here: Home / News Feed / Climate change affecting Europe’s butterflies and birds
January 8, 2012 By RSS Feed Leave a Comment
Fast-track warming in Europe is making butterflies and birds fall behind in moves to cooler
habitats and prompting a worrying turnover in alpine plant species, studies published on Sunday
said.
The papers, both published by the journal Nature Climate Change, are the biggest endeavour
yet to pinpoint impacts on European biodiversity from accelerating global temperatures.
A team led by Vincent Devictor of France’s National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)
found that from 1990 to 2008, average temperatures in Europe rose by one degree Celsius.
This is extremely high, about 25% greater than the global average for all of the last century.
In order to live at the same temperature, species would have to shift northward by 249
kilometres, they calculated.
But during this period, butterflies moved only 114 kilometres, and birds by just 37 kilometres.
Population decline risk
The data is derived from observations made by a network of thousands of amateur naturalists,
amounting to 1.5-million hours of fieldwork.
The study was not designed to say whether these species are suffering as a result of warming,
09.01.2012 02:17
Climate change affecting Europe’s butterflies and birds — Clearing and ...
2 of 8
http://www.clearingandsettlement.com/2012/01/climate-change-affectin...
which is one of the big questions in the climate-change saga.
However, the risk of population decline is clear, the authors say.
CONTINUES BELOW
Click here
Species that lag behind a move to a more suitable habitat accumulate a “climatic debt”.
Eventually, the impact of warming hits parts of the local food chain on which they depend, such
as caterpillars or vegetation, and this cuts into their chances of being able to adapt. Finding a
similar habitat is made more difficult by agriculture.
The second study looked at 867 samples of vegetation from 60 mountaintop sites across Europe
in an assessment of the hottest decade on record.
Continental level
Seen at local level, there was little apparent change during in the study period of 2001 to 2008.
But when the picture zoomed out to continental level, it was clear that a major turnover was
under way.
Cold-loving plants traditionally found in alpine regions were being pushed out of their habitats
by warming-loving ones, which invaded higher altitudes that were now within their grasp.
“We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did not
expect to find such a significant change in such a short period of time,” said study leader
Michael Gottfried, a University of Vienna biologist.
“Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower
mountains in Europe, we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over
within the next few decades.”
The research was the biggest plant-count of its kind in Europe, gathering 32 researchers from 13
countries. — AFP
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09.01.2012 02:17
Global warming: European species lag in habitat shift
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Global warming: European
species lag in habitat shift
by Staff Writers
Paris Jan 8, 2012
Fast-track warming in Europe
is making butterflies and
birds fall behind in the move
to cooler habitats and
prompting a worrying
turnover in alpine plant
species, studies published
Sunday said. The papers,
both published by the journal
Nature Climate Change, are
the biggest endeavour yet to
pinpoint impacts on
European biodiversity from
accelerating global
temperatures. A team led by
Vincent Devictor of France's
National Centre for Scientific
Research (CNRS) found that
from 1990 to 2008, average
LLM in Int. Business Law
temperatures in Europe rose
Masters in Law from London School of
by one degree Celsius (1.8
Business & Finance. Learn more!
www.LSBF.org.uk/Law-School
degrees Fahrenheit). This is
extremely high, being around
25 percent greater than the
global average for all of the
last century. In order to live at
the same temperature,
species would have to shift
northward by 249 kilometres (155 miles), they calculated. But during this
period, butterlies moved only 114 kms (71 miles), and birds by just 37
kms (23 miles). The data derives from observations made by a network
of thousands of amateur naturalists, amounting to a remarkable 1.5
million hours of fieldwork. The study was not designed to say whether
these species are suffering as a result of warming, which is one of the
big questions in the climate-change saga. However, the risk of
population decline is clear, the authors say. Species that lag behind a
move to a more suitable habitat accumulate a "climatic debt." Eventually,
the impact of warming hits parts of the local food chain on which they
depend, such as caterpillars or vegetation, and this cuts into their
chances of being able to adapt. Finding a similar habitat is made more
difficult by agriculture. The second study looked at 867 samples of
vegetation from 60 mountaintop sites across Europe in an assessment of
the hottest decade on record. Seen at local level, there was little
apparent change during the 2001-2008 study period. But when the
picture zoomed out to continental level, it was clear that a major turnover
was under way. Cold-loving plants traditionally found in alpine regions
were being pushed out of their habitats by warming-loving ones, which
invaded higher altitudes that were now within their grasp. "We expected
to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but
we did not expect to find such a significant change in such a short
period of time," said study leader Michael Gottfried, a University of
Vienna biologist. "Many cold-loving species are literally running out of
mountain. In some of the lower mountains in Europe, we could see
alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within the
next few decades." The research was the biggest plant-count of its kind
in Europe, gathering 32 researchers from 13 countries.
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09.01.2012 02:38
Species lag in climate change shift
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Fast-track warming in Europe is making
butterflies and birds fall behind in the move to
cooler habitats and prompting a worrying
turnover in alpine plant species, studies
published on Sunday say.
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The papers, both published by the journal, Nature Climate
Change, are the biggest endeavour yet to pinpoint impacts
on European biodiversity from accelerating global
temperatures.
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identified
A team led by Vincent Devictor of France's National Centre
for Scientific Research (CNRS) found that from 1990 to
2008, average temperatures in Europe rose by 1C.
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This is extremely high, being around 25 per cent greater than
the global average for all of the last century.
To live at the same temperature, species would have to shift
northward by 249km, they calculated.
But during this period, butterflies moved only 114km, and birds by just 37km.
The data derives from observations made by a network of thousands of amateur naturalists, amounting
to a remarkable 1.5 million hours of fieldwork.
The study was not designed to say whether these species are suffering as a result of warming, which
is one of the big questions in the climate-change saga.
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However, the risk of population decline is clear, the authors say.
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Species that lag behind a move to a more suitable habitat accumulate a "climatic debt".
15°C / 22°C
Eventually, the impact of warming hits parts of the local food chain on which they depend, such as
caterpillars or vegetation, and this cuts into their chances of being able to adapt. Finding a similar
habitat is made more difficult by agriculture.
The second study looked at 867 samples of vegetation from 60 mountaintop sites across Europe in an
assessment of the hottest decade on record.
Seen at local level, there was little apparent change during the 2001-2008 study period.
But when the picture zoomed out to continental level, it was clear that a major turnover was under way.
Cold-loving plants traditionally found in alpine regions were being pushed out of their habitats by
warming-loving ones, which invaded higher altitudes that were now within their grasp.
"We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did not expect
to find such a significant change in such a short period of time," said study leader Michael Gottfried, a
University of Vienna biologist.
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"Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower mountains in
Europe, we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within the next few
decades."
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The research was the biggest plant-count of its kind in Europe, gathering 32 researchers from 13
countries.
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08.01.2012 19:53
Global warming: European species lag in habitat shift - Yahoo! News
1 of 2
http://news.yahoo.com/global-warming-european-species-lag-habitat-shi...
AFP – 40 mins ago
Fast-track warming in Europe is making butterflies and birds fall behind in the move to cooler habitats and prompting a
worrying turnover in alpine plant species, studies published Sunday said.
The papers, both published by the journal Nature Climate Change, are the biggest endeavour yet to pinpoint impacts on
European biodiversity from accelerating global temperatures.
A team led by Vincent Devictor of France's National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) found that from 1990 to 2008,
average temperatures in Europe rose by one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit).
This is extremely high, being around 25 percent greater than the global average for all of the last century.
In order to live at the same temperature, species would have to shift northward by 249 kilometres (155 miles), they
calculated.
But during this period, butterlies moved only 114 kms (71 miles), and birds by just 37 kms (23 miles).
The data derives from observations made by a network of thousands of amateur naturalists, amounting to a remarkable 1.5
million hours of fieldwork.
The study was not designed to say whether these species are suffering as a result of warming, which is one of the big
questions in the climate-change saga.
However, the risk of population decline is clear, the authors say.
Species that lag behind a move to a more suitable habitat accumulate a "climatic debt."
Eventually, the impact of warming hits parts of the local food chain on which they depend, such as caterpillars or
vegetation, and this cuts into their chances of being able to adapt. Finding a similar habitat is made more difficult by
agriculture.
The second study looked at 867 samples of vegetation from 60 mountaintop sites across Europe in an assessment of the
hottest decade on record.
Seen at local level, there was little apparent change during the 2001-2008 study period.
But when the picture zoomed out to continental level, it was clear that a major turnover was under way.
Cold-loving plants traditionally found in alpine regions were being pushed out of their habitats by warming-loving ones,
which invaded higher altitudes that were now within their grasp.
"We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did not expect to find such a
significant change in such a short period of time," said study leader Michael Gottfried, a University of Vienna biologist.
"Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower mountains in Europe, we could see
alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within the next few decades."
The research was the biggest plant-count of its kind in Europe, gathering 32 researchers from 13 countries.
© 2012 AFP
Copyright © 2012 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved. | Yahoo! News Network - ABC News | /
08.01.2012 19:55
Cold-loving alpine plants 'at risk' - World News - MSN News UK
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Cold-adapted alpine plants such as the edelweiss, made
famous by Julie Andrews in The Sound Of Music, could
be lost to future generations, scientists have warned.
They are already being squeezed out of their habitats by
plants that thrive in warmer temperatures, it is claimed.
Within a few decades some alpine meadows could
disappear altogether, according to the first pan-European
study of changing mountain vegetation.
Edelweiss, praised in the song of the same name in the
Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, is specially adapted
to the highlife at altitudes of between 6,500ft to 9,500ft.
Its snow white, star-shaped leaves are covered in woolly
hairs to protect them from the cold.
Advertisement
latest
As long ago as 2003 the WWF conservation charity
warned that even a temperature rise of 2C could place
sensitive mountain plants in the Alps and other mountain
ranges at risk.
Within a few decades some alpine meadows could disappear
altogether, according to experts
Stefan Moidle, climate expert at WWF-Austria, said at the
time: "The edelweiss and similarly fragile plants are
highly endangered. Global warming is changing natural habitats, but alpine plants cannot move to higher, cooler
locations."
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The new study, published in the journal Nature Climate Change, suggests rising temperatures were having an even
greater impact on alpine vegetation than was first thought.
9 minutes ago
An international team of scientists analysed 897 vegetation samples from 60 different summits in all major European
mountain systems. Surveys were called out in 2001 and again seven years later in 2008.
Body found on Queen's estate
named
Dr Michael Gottfried, from the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (Gloria) programme, said:
"We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did not expect to find such a
significant change in such a short space of time.
"Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower mountains in Europe we could see
alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within the next few decades."
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08.01.2012 19:58
Climate change is altering mountain vegetation at large scale
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Source: Copyright 2012, EurekAlert
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Climate change is having a more profound effect on alpine vegetation than
at first anticipated, according to a study carried out by an international
group of researchers and published in Nature Climate Change. The first
ever pan-European study of changing mountain vegetation has found that
some alpine meadows could disappear within the next few decades.
9/1 - Species lag in climate change
shift, Agence France-Presse
[search]
Led by researchers from the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the University of Vienna, biologists from 13 different countries in
Europe analysed 867 vegetation samples from 60 different summits sited in all major European mountain systems, first in 2001 and
then again just seven years later in 2008. They found strong indications that, at a continental scale, cold-loving plants traditionally
found in alpine regions are being pushed out of many habitats by warm-loving plants.
8/1 - Critically Endangered
Hawaiian monk seals bludgeoned to
death | Photo, Mongabay [search]
"We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did not expect to find such a significant ...
8/1 - Climate change is altering
mountain vegetation at large scale |
Photo, EurekAlert [search]
Continue to Read Full Article at Source
For Additional Information:
(may become dated as article ages)
Contact: Michael Gottfried
[email protected]
University of Vienna
8/1 - Climate change is altering
mountain vegetation at large scale,
European research says | Photo,
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08.01.2012 20:04
Species lag in climate change shift
2 of 3
http://news.ninemsn.com.au/technology/8400117/species-lag-in-climate...
Species lag in climate change shift
Glance: The news in pictures
05:25 AEDT Mon Jan 9 2012
Fast-track warming in Europe is making
butterflies and birds fall behind in the move to
cooler habitats and prompting a worrying
turnover in alpine plant species, studies
published on Sunday say.
Also on
ninemsn readers' storm photos
The papers, both published by the journal, Nature
Climate Change, are the biggest endeavour yet to
pinpoint impacts on European biodiversity from
accelerating global temperatures.
A team led by Vincent Devictor of France's National
Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) found that
from 1990 to 2008, average temperatures in Europe
rose by 1C.
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This is extremely high, being around 25 per cent greater than the global average for all of the last century.
To live at the same temperature, species would have to shift northward by 249km, they calculated.
But during this period, butterflies moved only 114km, and birds by just 37km.
The data derives from observations made by a network of thousands of amateur naturalists, amounting to a
remarkable 1.5 million hours of fieldwork.
The study was not designed to say whether these species are suffering as a result of warming, which is one
of the big questions in the climate-change saga.
However, the risk of population decline is clear, the authors say.
Species that lag behind a move to a more suitable habitat accumulate a "climatic debt".
Eventually, the impact of warming hits parts of the local food chain on which they depend, such as caterpillars
or vegetation, and this cuts into their chances of being able to adapt. Finding a similar habitat is made more
difficult by agriculture.
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The second study looked at 867 samples of vegetation from 60 mountaintop sites across Europe in an
assessment of the hottest decade on record.
Seen at local level, there was little apparent change during the 2001-2008 study period.
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But when the picture zoomed out to continental level, it was clear that a major turnover was under way.
Cold-loving plants traditionally found in alpine regions were being pushed out of their habitats by warmingloving ones, which invaded higher altitudes that were now within their grasp.
"We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did not expect to find
such a significant change in such a short period of time," said study leader Michael Gottfried, a University of
Vienna biologist.
"Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower mountains in Europe, we
could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within the next few decades."
The research was the biggest plant-count of its kind in Europe, gathering 32 researchers from 13 countries.
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08.01.2012 21:02
The Press Association: Cold-loving alpine plants 'at risk'
1 of 1
http://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5id1J0gAz...
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Michi Gottfried
Hosted by
Cold-loving alpine plants 'at risk'
(UKPA) – 2 hours ago
0
Cold-adapted alpine plants such as the edelweiss, made famous by Julie Andrews in The
Sound Of Music, could be lost to future generations, scientists have warned.
They are already being squeezed out of their habitats by plants that thrive in warmer
temperatures, it is claimed.
Within a few decades some alpine meadows could disappear altogether, according to the first
pan-European study of changing mountain vegetation.
Edelweiss, praised in the song of the same name in the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, is
specially adapted to the highlife at altitudes of between 6,500ft to 9,500ft. Its snow white,
star-shaped leaves are covered in woolly hairs to protect them from the cold.
As long ago as 2003 the WWF conservation charity warned that even a temperature rise of 2C
could place sensitive mountain plants in the Alps and other mountain ranges at risk.
Stefan Moidle, climate expert at WWF-Austria, said at the time: "The edelweiss and similarly
fragile plants are highly endangered. Global warming is changing natural habitats, but alpine
plants cannot move to higher, cooler locations."
The new study, published in the journal Nature Climate Change, suggests rising temperatures
were having an even greater impact on alpine vegetation than was first thought.
Within a few decades some
alpine meadows could
disappear altogether, according
to experts
An international team of scientists analysed 897 vegetation samples from 60 different summits
in all major European mountain systems. Surveys were called out in 2001 and again seven
years later in 2008.
Dr Michael Gottfried, from the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments
(Gloria) programme, said: "We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at
higher altitudes, but we did not expect to find such a significant change in such a short space of
time.
"Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower mountains
in Europe we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within the
next few decades."
Copyright © 2012 The Press Association. All rights reserved.
Related articles
Cold-loving alpine plants 'at risk'
The Press Association - 2 hours ago
More coverage (1) »
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08.01.2012 21:51
Nano Patents and Innovations
1 of 25
SUNDAY, JANUARY 8, 2012
http://nanopatentsandinnovations.blogspot.com/
GOOGLE TRANSLATE
Climate Change Is Altering Mountain Vegetation At Large Scale
Powered by
Climate change is having a more profound effect on alpine vegetation than at first anticipated, according to
a study carried out by an international group of researchers and published in Nature Climate Change. The
first ever pan-European study of changing mountain vegetation has found that some alpine meadows could
disappear within the next few decades.
This alpine species (Nevadensia purpurea) could disappear from some European mountains in the next
few decades.
Translate
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Led by researchers from the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the University of Vienna, biologists from
13 different countries in Europe analysed 867 vegetation samples from 60 different summits sited in all
major European mountain systems, first in 2001 and then again just seven years later in 2008. They found
strong indications that, at a continental scale, cold-loving plants traditionally found in alpine regions are
being pushed out of many habitats by warm-loving plants.
"We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did not expect to
find such a significant change in such a short space of time," said Michael Gottfried from the Global
Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA) programme which coordinated the
study. "Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower mountains in
Europe, we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within the next few
decades," he warns.
“We did not expect to find such a significant change in such a short space of time,” said Michael Gottfried,
lead author of the study.
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BLOG ARCHIVE
2012 (188)
January (188)
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The study, which is the largest and most comprehensive of its kind in the world, confirmed that there is a
direct link between growing summer temperature and the shift in alpine plant composition. "While regional
studies have previously made this link, this is the first time it has been shown on a continental scale," said
Gottfried. This phenomenon, which the GLORIA researchers have called thermophilization, has now been
measured and quantified for the first time and is expressed by the researchers as a thermophilization
indicator (D). All 32 of the study's authors used exactly the same sampling procedures and returned to the
same sampling sites, thus enabling a pan-continental comparison to be made for the first time. "We hope
that our thermophilization indicator could be used by other research groups around the world and enable a
global comparison," said Harald Pauli, GLORIA's network coordinator.
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as on high mountain peaks) and latitude (the effect is seen in northern countries such as Scotland as well
as southern mountain ranges such those on Crete).
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All 32 authors involved in the study used the same sampling procedures enabling pan-continental
comparisons to be made for the first time, here at the Austrian Hochschwab mountains.
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"Our work shows that climate change affects even the outer edges of the biosphere," said Georg
Grabherr, chair of the GLORIA programme. "The thermophilisation of alpine life zones can never be
controlled directly. Adaptation strategies are not an option and we must concentrate on mitigating climate
change in order to preserve our biogenetic treasure."
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Contacts and sources:
Michael Gottfried
University of Vienna
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About GLORIA
UGA Scientists 'Hijack' Bacterial Immune System
The GLORIA programme (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments) is a network of
more than 100 research teams distributed over six continents whose aim it is to monitor all alpine regions
across the globe. Launched in 2001, it has implemented a long-term and standardised approach to the
observation of alpine vegetation and its response to climate change. The GLORIA researchers will be
returning to the same European sampling sites in 2015 to continue monitoring the effects of climate
change on alpine vegetation. Further details: http://www.gloria.ac.at/
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Citation: Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change. In: Nature Climate Change, 8.
Jänner 2012 (Online ahead of print) DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1329
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08.01.2012 21:54
http://notaspampeanas.com.ar/2012/01/09/vegetacion-calida-esta-extendiendose-en-los-alpes-europeos/
Notaspampeanas. Información en la nueva era
Vegetación cálida está extendiéndose en los
Alpes europeos
Nevadensia purpurea, una especie habituada al frío de las altas montañas europeas, que podría desaparecer por el
cambio climático. (Gentileza GLORIA-Universidad de Viena)
Especies vegetales vinculadas al calor están desarrollándose a gran escala en los Alpes
europeos, según hallaron investigadores de la Universidad de Viena.
Según un artículo publicado hoy por esa casa de estudios “el cambio climático se está dando a
gran escala en la vegetación de montaña. En el primer estudio paneuropeo sobre el cambio de
vegetación en las altas montañas, un equipo internacional de investigadores liderado por la
Universidad de Viena y la Academia Austriaca de las Ciencias (AAS), demostró que los
efectos del cambio climático en la vegetación alpina son más fuertes que lo que se pensaba
originalmente”.
Los resultados fueron publicados en la revista “Nature Climate Change“, tras el análisis de
vegetación realizado en 867 parcelas de 60 diferentes picos alpinos europeos.
“Esperábamos un aumento de las especies de plantas amantes del calor a mayor altura, pero
no en este punto importante y en tan poco tiempo”, señaló Michael Gottfried, del
Departamento de Biología, de la Conservación, Ecología de la vegetación y del paisaje, de la
Universidad de Viena y miembro destacado del programa de investigación GLORIA (Global
Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments).
Michael Gottfried, de la Universidad de Viena, durante el trabajo de campo. (Gentileza
GLORIA-Universidad de Viena)
Biólogos de 13 países que confluyen en el programa GLORIA comprobaron a nivel
continental cómo, por el cambio climático, las especies tolerantes al frío están siendo
reemplazadas por otras habituadas a temperaturas templadas en las altas montañas.
Como cada uno de los investigadores desarrolló su trabajo bajo normativas coordinadas con
otros grupos de estudio, aguardan que este indicador pueda ser comparado y utilizado por
otros grupos de investigación alrededor del mundo.
Los investigadores hallaron que esta situación se da desde Escocia hasta las regiones
montañosas de Creta. “Nuestro trabajo demuestra que el cambio climático afecta incluso a los
rincones más remotos de la biosfera”, señaló Georg Grabherr, jefe de GLORIA. Quien
reclamó una respuesta rápida de los humanos al cambio climático, para preservar el tesoro de
la bio-genética de la Naturaleza.”
Un análisis similar se realizará en 2.015 para mostrar el avance de este fenómeno.
Alpine Urwiesen und Felsfluren europaweit gefährdet - iPoint
http://www.uibk.ac.at/ipoint/news/2012/alpine-urwiesen-und-felsfluren...
iPoint - das Informationsportal der Universität Innsbruck
Alpine Urwiesen und Felsfluren europaweit gefährdet
09.01.2012
Der Klimawandel verändert die Gebirgsvegetation
deutlicher und schneller als erwartet. Das zeigen jüngste
Ergebnisse des internationalen Forschungsnetzwerkes
GLORIA, die in der aktuellen Ausgabe des Fachjournals
„Nature Climate Change“ veröffentlicht wurden. Zwei
GLORIA-Gebiete werden von einem Team des Innsbrucker
Instituts für Botanik betreut.
Foto: Martin Mallaun vom Innsbrucker Forschungsteam bei der Feldforschung in der
Texelgruppe.
In der ersten paneuropäischen Studie zum Vegetationswandel im Hochgebirge zeigt ein internationales
Team unter der Leitung von Forschenden der Universität Wien, der Österreichischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften (ÖAW) sowie des Instituts für Gebirgsforschung: Mensch und Umwelt (IGF), dass die
Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die alpine Vegetation stärker sind als ursprünglich angenommen. Im
Vergleichszeitraum 2001 bis 2008 fanden sie auf kontinentalem Niveau deutliche Anzeichen, dass
kälteadaptierte Pflanzen von Wärme liebenden Arten zunehmend aus ihren Lebensräumen verdrängt
werden.
Insgesamt 867 Probeflächen auf 60 verschiedenen Gipfeln in allen größeren europäischen Hochgebirgen
wurden für die Studie von den beteiligten Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern des
Forschungsnetzwerks GLORIA (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments)
untersucht. Prof. Brigitta Erschbamer und ihr Team vom Institut für Botanik der Universität Innsbruck
betreuen zwei GLORIA-Gebiete: eines in den Dolomiten und eines im Naturpark Texelgruppe in Südtirol.
Zunahme Wärme liebender Pflanzenarten
„Wir haben eine Zunahme Wärme liebender Pflanzenarten in größeren Höhen erwartet, aber nicht in
diesem Ausmaß und in so kurzer Zeit”, verdeutlicht Michael Gottfried vom Department für
Naturschutzbiologie, Vegetations- und Landschaftsökologie der Universität Wien das zentrale Ergebnis
der Forschungsarbeit.
Biologinnen und Biologen aus 13 Ländern beobachten im Rahmen der Studie die alpine Vegetation, also
niedrigwüchsige Pflanzengemeinschaften im Hochgebirge oberhalb der Baumgrenze. „Viele kältetolerante
Arten wandern buchstäblich in den Himmel. In einigen der niedrigeren europäischen Gebirge können wir
beobachten, wie die offene alpine Graslandschaft verschwindet und Zwergsträucher den Lebensraum in
wenigen Jahrzehnten erobern werden”, warnt Michael Gottfried, der Erstautor der in „Nature Climate
Change” erschienenen Publikation.
Das kann auch Prof. Brigitta Erschbamer für die von ihr betreuten Gebiete bestätigen: In den Dolomiten
wurde die fortlaufende Änderung der Flora auf vier ausgewählten Berggipfeln bereits dreimal erhoben, in
den Jahren 2001, 2006 und 2008; im Naturpark Texelgruppe zweimal, 2003 und 2011. „Insgesamt zeigte
sich in beiden Gebieten ganz klar eine Thermophilisierung: Arten mit bisherigem
Verbreitungsschwerpunkt in der montanen und subalpinen Stufe wanderten in höhere Lagen hinauf“, sagt
Erschbamer. Ihr Team fand beispielsweise nach 5 bis 8 Jahren Jungwuchs von Lärche und
Alpine Urwiesen und Felsfluren europaweit gefährdet - iPoint
http://www.uibk.ac.at/ipoint/news/2012/alpine-urwiesen-und-felsfluren...
Zwergwacholder bereits auf 2750 m (Dolomiten) beziehungsweise 3000 m (Texelgruppe) Meereshöhe.
Europaweite Entwicklung
Die GLORIA-Studie mit dem Titel “Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change” ist
weltweit die bislang breitest angelegte ihrer Art. Sie bestätigt den direkten Zusammenhang zwischen
erhöhten Sommertemperaturen und der Veränderung alpiner Lebensgemeinschaften und demonstriert
diese Entwicklung erstmals für den gesamten europäischen Kontinent. "Unsere Arbeit belegt, dass der
Klimawandel auch die entlegensten Winkel der Biosphäre beeinflusst", sagt Georg Grabherr, Gründer und
Leiter von GLORIA.
Die Thermophilisierung – ein von GLORIA-Forschenden geprägter Begriff – wurde erstmalig quantitativ
erfasst und als messbarer Indikator definiert. Alle 32 an der Studie beteiligten AutorInnen wandten
dieselbe Methodik auf genau dokumentierten Probeflächen an, wodurch eine europaweite Vergleichbarkeit
erst möglich wurde. „Wir hoffen, dass unser Thermophilisierungs-Indikator von anderen
Forschungsgruppen weltweit übernommen und auf diese Weise ein globaler Vergleich möglich wird“, sagt
Harald Pauli vom Institut für Gebirgsforschung der ÖAW. Bemerkenswert ist, dass die Thermophilisierung
von der Seehöhe unabhängig ist – sie findet von der Baumgrenze bis zu den höchsten Gipfeln statt;
ebenso von der geographischen Breite – von Schottland bis zu den Gebirgsregionen Kretas.
Über GLORIA
Das GLORIA-Programm (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments) ist ein Netzwerk
von mehr als 100 Forschungsgruppen aus sechs Kontinenten, dessen Ziel ein weltweites Monitoring der
Gebirgsregionen ist. Seit der Gründung 2001 hat es einen standardisierten und langfristigen Ansatz zur
Beobachtung von Gebirgsvegetation und ihrer Reaktion auf den Klimawandel entwickelt und umgesetzt.
Die europäischen Untersuchungen werden im Jahr 2015 wiederholt, um den Fortgang der Entwicklung
aufzuzeigen.
Links:
GLORIA Österreich
GLORIA an der Universität Innsbruck
© Büro für Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Kulturservice | Universität Innsbruck
(ef)
Vom Klimawandel überfordert - Wiener Zeitung Online
http://www.wienerzeitung.at/_em_cms/globals/print.php?em_ssc=LC...
Neue Studien zum veränderten Lebensraum für Tiere und Pflanzen.
Wien.
(ski/apa) Der Klimawandel hat auf Tierwelt und Vegetation
stärkere und raschere Auswirkungen, als man bisher
annahm. Das zeigen zwei jüngst im Fachjournal "Nature
Climate Change" veröffentlichte Studien. Die erste
Untersuchung an Vögeln und Schmetterlingen zeigt, dass
sich der ideale Lebensraum dieser Tiere in Europa in den
vergangenen beiden Jahrzehnten schneller nach Norden
verschoben hat als die Tiere mitwandern konnten.
Im Vergleich zum Temperaturanstieg und der damit
verbundenen Verschiebung ihrer Lebensräume in Richtung
Norden liegen Schmetterlinge demnach im Durchschnitt
135 und Vögel sogar 212 Kilometer zurück. Die Daten für
Die "Nevadensia purpurea" könnte
in wenigen Jahrzehnten von
manchen europäischen Gipfeln
verschwunden sein.
die Studie wurden aus rund 1,5 Millionen
Beobachtungsstunden und mehr als 11.000 Orten
zusammengetragen. Im alpinen Raum werden kälteadaptierte Pflanzen zunehmend
von wärmeliebenden Arten aus ihren Lebensräumen verdrängt und alpine Urwiesen
und Felsfluren dadurch gefährdet. Darauf weist die unter der Leitung von Forschern
der Universität Wien und der Akademie der Wissenschaften durchgeführte erste
paneuropäische Studie zum Vegetationswandel im Hochgebirge hin. In den Jahren
2001 und 2008 wurden dafür auf 867 Probeflächen auf 60 verschiedenen Gipfeln in
allen größeren europäischen Hochgebirgen niedrigwüchsige
Pflanzengemeinschaften oberhalb der Baumgrenze untersucht.
URL: http://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/wzwissen/klima/425742_Vom-Klimawandel-ueberfordert.html
© 2012 Wiener Zeitung
http://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/199703/oteplovanie-meni-vegetaciu-europskych-hor-aj-podla-slovenskychvedcov/
aktuality.sk
Otepľovanie mení vegetáciu európskych hôr
– aj podľa slovenských vedcov
Prvý celoeurópsky výskum potvrdil vplyvy klimatickej zmeny na spoločenstvá horských
rastlín nášho kontinentu. Oznámil to 32-členný medzinárodný tím, ktorý viedli Michael
Gottfried, Harald Pauli a Georg Grabherr z Universität Wien a z viedenského pracoviska
Institut für Gebirgforschung (Ústav pre horský výskum) Rakúskej akadémie vied.
10.01.2012, 05:58 Viedeň, Trondheim
Diskusia (12)
Anne Olga Syverhusetová a Jarle Inge Holten z Norwegian University of Science...
Okrem Rakúšanov boli v tíme vedci z Gruzínska, Slovenska, Španielska, Rumunska, Veľkej
Británie, Grécka, Švédska, Nórska, Ruska, Talianska, Švajčiarska a Cypru. Vzhľadom na
prestíž podobných súhrnných výskumov i fóra, na ktorom jeho aktéri uverejnili príslušné
výsledky, nás môže zvlášť tešiť účasť slovenských vedcov – Petra Barančoka a Jána Krajčiho
z Ústavu krajinnej ekológie SAV v Bratislave.
Desaťročie 2000-2009 bolo najteplejšie od začiatku presných globálnych meraní. Na výsledné
zmeny horských rastlinných spoločenstiev v Európe poukazovali viaceré skoršie lokálne
výskumy. Až teraz je však naporúdzi celokontinentálna perspektíva. Predkladá jednoznačné,
štatisticky významné údaje, ktoré potvrdzujú vplyv otepľovania na rastlinstvo v európskych
horách.
Členovia tímu porovnali na základe 867 vzoriek vegetačnú situáciu na 60 vrcholoch v 17
horských oblastiach Európy v rokoch 2001 a 2008. Na výskumných plochách zistili zreteľný
posun zastúpenia jednotlivých rastlinných druhov v prospech teplomilných. Výskum sa týkal
764 rastlinných druhov. Vedci im pripísali tzv. výškové postavenie odrážajúce teplotu, pri
ktorej sa najlepšie darí tomu-ktorému druhu.
Nadmorská výška výskytu rastliny v každej horskej oblasti prirodzene priamo súvisí s
teplotou. V horách všeobecne platí, že čím vyššie, tým je chladnejšie. Výskyt rastliny na
určitom mieste vrchu preto odráža jej reakciu na tamojšiu skutočnú teplotu. Vedcom z toho
pre každú výskumnú plochu v roku 2001 a v roku 2008 vyšiel tzv. tepelný vegetačný
indikátor. Jeho zmena za sedemročné obdobie jasne ukazovala prechod rastlinného
spoločenstva na danej ploche k teplomilným alebo chladnomilným druhom. Platila priama
úmernosť: čím väčší bol vzrast priemernej teploty v príslušnej oblasti, tým výraznejšie sa
presadili teplomilné druhy.
Vedci konštatovali, že presun horských rastlinných spoločenstiev v kontinentálnom meradle k
teplomilnejším druhom, ktorý sa odohral za necelé desaťročie, možno považovať za rýchlu
ekosystémovú reakciu na prebiehajúce otepľovanie klímy. Rastliny prispôsobené na nižšie
teploty očividne budú čeliť vyššej miere súperenia s teplomilnejšími. Podľa členov tímu by to
mohlo viesť k úpadku, alebo dokonca miestnemu vymiznutiu chladnomilných druhov. V
Alpách sa už pozoruje úpadok extrémne výškových druhov na spodnej hranici územia ich
výskytu. Slovenská časť výskumu sa týkala Vysokých Tatier. Michael Gottfried, Harald Pauli
a Georg Grabherr s kolegami uverejnili tieto poznatky predbežne online v časopise Nature
Climate Change.
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Climate change is altering mountain vegetation at the large
scale
10 January 2012
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Climate
change is
having a
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more
profound
2011
effect on
alpine
2009
vegetation
2007
than at first
anticipated,
2006
2010
2008
2005
according to
a study
carried out
by an
Picture: Samples from the Cairngorms were analysed
by CEH as part of the study
international group of researchers and published this week in the journal
Nature Climate Change.
The research, the first ever pan-European study of changing mountain
vegetation, was led by scientists from the Austrian Academy of Sciences
and the University of Vienna, and also included scientists from the Centre
for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH).
In total, biologists from 13 different countries in Europe analysed 867
vegetation samples from 60 different summits sited in all major
European mountain systems, including four summits in the Cairngorms
in Scotland. Samples were taken first in 2001 and then again just seven
years later in 2008.
The researchers found strong indications that, at a continental scale,
cold-loving plants traditionally found in alpine regions are being pushed
out of many habitats by warm-loving plants.
“We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher
altitudes, but we did not expect to find such a significant change in such a
short space of time,” said Michael Gottfried from the Global Observation
Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA) programme which
coordinated the study.
“Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some
of the lower mountains in Europe, we could see alpine meadows
disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking over within the next few decades,”
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Climate change is altering mountain vegetation at large scale
http://www.ceh.ac.uk/news/news_archive/climate-change-mountain-veg...
he warned.
The study, which is the largest and most comprehensive of its kind in the
world, confirmed that there is a direct link between growing summer
temperature and the shift in alpine plant composition. “While regional
studies have previously made this link, this is the first time it has been
shown on a continental scale,” said Gottfried. This phenomenon, which
the GLORIA researchers have called thermophilization, has now been
measured and quantified for the first time and is expressed by the
researchers as a thermophilization indicator.
All 32 of the study’s authors used exactly the same sampling procedures
and returned to the same sampling sites, thus enabling a pan-continental
comparison to be made for the first time. “We hope that our
thermophilization indicator could be used by other research groups
around the world and enable a global comparison,” said Harald Pauli,
GLORIA’s network coordinator.
The research also showed that the effect is independent of altitude (it is
happening at the tree line as well as on high mountain peaks) and latitude
(the effect is seen in northern countries such as Scotland as well as
southern mountain ranges such those on Crete).
Our work shows that climate change affects even the outer edges of the
biosphere,” said Georg Grabherr, chair of the GLORIA programme. “The
thermophilisation of alpine life zones can never be controlled directly.
Adaptation strategies are not an option and we must concentrate on
mitigating climate change in order to preserve our biogenetic treasure.”
The four summits sampled in Scotland are all part of the Environmental
Change Network’s long-term monitoring site, ECN Cairngorm, which is
coordinated by CEH on behalf of a consortium that includes Scottish
Natural Heritage, the Natural Environment Research Council and the
James Hutton Institute.
The Cairngorm catchment is in a pivotal position as its valuable
long-term data is not only relevant to this alpine mountain study, but is
also used as a research site for Arctic studies.
Additional information
The paper (“Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate
change”) was published by Nature Climate Change (10 January 2012, doi
10.1038/NCLIMATE1329)
GLORIA network
Press release issued by University of Vienna
Research interests of Dr Jan Dick, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology
ECN Cairngorm site
You can follow the latest developments in CEH research via twitter and
our rss news feed.
http://globalwarming-arclein.blogspot.com/2012/01/climate-change-altering-european.html
Global Warming & Terra Forming Terra
Wednesday, January 11, 2012
Climate Change Altering European Mountain Vegetation
What this study does do is confirm rather nicely that the climate is warmer in Europe as is
understood from other work. The effect of been warmer is that plant life has been forced to
adjust over the past decade as a lagging indicator of the previous rise in temperature.
I personally think that European temperatures have achieved conditions similar to both the
Medieval Warming and the Roman Optimum which lasted centuries in both cases and ended
with an abrupt chilling a few centuries in. I base that mostly on the recent recovery of wine
growing in Britain. Greenland has not thawed enough yet so it is too soon to pasture cows
there perhaps, but the process has certainly begun.
I am actually quite optimistic that we have a solid five centuries of warm conditions in the
Northern Hemisphere ahead of us. I also think that if we are able to reforest the Sahara totally
during this period, the resultant warming will moderate the abrupt chill coming at the end.
In the meantime, the Arctic Sea is continuing to lose net sea ice mass and we should begin
seeing a little drama in the Arctic even this year if folks pick up on it.
Climate change is altering mountain vegetation at large scale
by Staff Writers
Vienna, Austria (SPX) Jan 10, 2012
"We did not expect to find such a significant change in such a short space of time," said
Michael Gottfried, lead author of the study. Credit: Verena Schaeffer.
http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Climate_change_is_altering_mountain_vegetation_at_lar
ge_scale_999.html
Climate change is having a more profound effect on alpine vegetation than at first
anticipated, according to a study carried out by an international group of researchers and
published in Nature Climate Change. The first ever pan-European study of changing
mountain vegetation has found that some alpine meadows could disappear within the next few
decades.
Led by researchers from the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the University of Vienna,
biologists from 13 different countries in Europe analysed 867 vegetation samples from 60
different summits sited in all major European mountain systems, first in 2001 and then again
just seven years later in 2008.
They found strong indications that, at a continental scale, cold-loving plants traditionally
found in alpine regions are being pushed out of many habitats by warm-loving plants.
"We expected to find a greater number of warm-loving plants at higher altitudes, but we did
not expect to find such a significant change in such a short space of time," said Michael
Gottfried from the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA)
programme which coordinated the study.
"Many cold-loving species are literally running out of mountain. In some of the lower
mountains in Europe, we could see alpine meadows disappearing and dwarf shrubs taking
over within the next few decades," he warns.
The study, which is the largest and most comprehensive of its kind in the world, confirmed
that there is a direct link between growing summer temperature and the shift in alpine plant
composition.
"While regional studies have previously made this link, this is the first time it has been shown
on a continental scale," said Gottfried.
This phenomenon, which the GLORIA researchers have called thermophilization, has now
been measured and quantified for the first time and is expressed by the researchers as a
thermophilization indicator (D).
All 32 of the study's authors used exactly the same sampling procedures and returned to the
same sampling sites, thus enabling a pan-continental comparison to be made for the first
time.
"We hope that our thermophilization indicator could be used by other research groups
around the world and enable a global comparison," said Harald Pauli, GLORIA's network
coordinator.
The research also showed that the effect is independent of altitude (it is happening at the tree
line as well as on high mountain peaks) and latitude (the effect is seen in northern countries
such as Scotland as well as southern mountain ranges such those on Crete).
"Our work shows that climate change affects even the outer edges of the biosphere," said
Georg Grabherr, chair of the GLORIA programme.
"The thermophilisation of alpine life zones can never be controlled directly. Adaptation
strategies are not an option and we must concentrate on mitigating climate change in order to
preserve our biogenetic treasure."
Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change. In: Nature Climate
Change, 8. Janner 2012 (Online ahead of print) DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1329
Related Links
Gloria
Climate Science News - Modeling, Mitigation Adaptation
http://notaspampeanas.com.ar/2012/01/09/vegetacion-calida-esta-extendiendose-en-los-alpes-europeos/
Notaspampeanas. Información en la nueva era
Vegetación cálida está extendiéndose en los
Alpes europeos
Nevadensia purpurea, una especie habituada al frío de las altas montañas europeas, que podría desaparecer por el
cambio climático. (Gentileza GLORIA-Universidad de Viena)
Especies vegetales vinculadas al calor están desarrollándose a gran escala en los Alpes
europeos, según hallaron investigadores de la Universidad de Viena.
Según un artículo publicado hoy por esa casa de estudios “el cambio climático se está dando a
gran escala en la vegetación de montaña. En el primer estudio paneuropeo sobre el cambio de
vegetación en las altas montañas, un equipo internacional de investigadores liderado por la
Universidad de Viena y la Academia Austriaca de las Ciencias (AAS), demostró que los
efectos del cambio climático en la vegetación alpina son más fuertes que lo que se pensaba
originalmente”.
Los resultados fueron publicados en la revista “Nature Climate Change“, tras el análisis de
vegetación realizado en 867 parcelas de 60 diferentes picos alpinos europeos.
“Esperábamos un aumento de las especies de plantas amantes del calor a mayor altura, pero
no en este punto importante y en tan poco tiempo”, señaló Michael Gottfried, del
Departamento de Biología, de la Conservación, Ecología de la vegetación y del paisaje, de la
Universidad de Viena y miembro destacado del programa de investigación GLORIA (Global
Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments).
Michael Gottfried, de la Universidad de Viena, durante el trabajo de campo. (Gentileza
GLORIA-Universidad de Viena)
Biólogos de 13 países que confluyen en el programa GLORIA comprobaron a nivel
continental cómo, por el cambio climático, las especies tolerantes al frío están siendo
reemplazadas por otras habituadas a temperaturas templadas en las altas montañas.
Como cada uno de los investigadores desarrolló su trabajo bajo normativas coordinadas con
otros grupos de estudio, aguardan que este indicador pueda ser comparado y utilizado por
otros grupos de investigación alrededor del mundo.
Los investigadores hallaron que esta situación se da desde Escocia hasta las regiones
montañosas de Creta. “Nuestro trabajo demuestra que el cambio climático afecta incluso a los
rincones más remotos de la biosfera”, señaló Georg Grabherr, jefe de GLORIA. Quien
reclamó una respuesta rápida de los humanos al cambio climático, para preservar el tesoro de
la bio-genética de la Naturaleza.”
Un análisis similar se realizará en 2.015 para mostrar el avance de este fenómeno.
Alpine Urwiesen und Felsfluren europaweit gefährdet - iPoint
http://www.uibk.ac.at/ipoint/news/2012/alpine-urwiesen-und-felsfluren...
iPoint - das Informationsportal der Universität Innsbruck
Alpine Urwiesen und Felsfluren europaweit gefährdet
09.01.2012
Der Klimawandel verändert die Gebirgsvegetation
deutlicher und schneller als erwartet. Das zeigen jüngste
Ergebnisse des internationalen Forschungsnetzwerkes
GLORIA, die in der aktuellen Ausgabe des Fachjournals
„Nature Climate Change“ veröffentlicht wurden. Zwei
GLORIA-Gebiete werden von einem Team des Innsbrucker
Instituts für Botanik betreut.
Foto: Martin Mallaun vom Innsbrucker Forschungsteam bei der Feldforschung in der
Texelgruppe.
In der ersten paneuropäischen Studie zum Vegetationswandel im Hochgebirge zeigt ein internationales
Team unter der Leitung von Forschenden der Universität Wien, der Österreichischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften (ÖAW) sowie des Instituts für Gebirgsforschung: Mensch und Umwelt (IGF), dass die
Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die alpine Vegetation stärker sind als ursprünglich angenommen. Im
Vergleichszeitraum 2001 bis 2008 fanden sie auf kontinentalem Niveau deutliche Anzeichen, dass
kälteadaptierte Pflanzen von Wärme liebenden Arten zunehmend aus ihren Lebensräumen verdrängt
werden.
Insgesamt 867 Probeflächen auf 60 verschiedenen Gipfeln in allen größeren europäischen Hochgebirgen
wurden für die Studie von den beteiligten Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern des
Forschungsnetzwerks GLORIA (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments)
untersucht. Prof. Brigitta Erschbamer und ihr Team vom Institut für Botanik der Universität Innsbruck
betreuen zwei GLORIA-Gebiete: eines in den Dolomiten und eines im Naturpark Texelgruppe in Südtirol.
Zunahme Wärme liebender Pflanzenarten
„Wir haben eine Zunahme Wärme liebender Pflanzenarten in größeren Höhen erwartet, aber nicht in
diesem Ausmaß und in so kurzer Zeit”, verdeutlicht Michael Gottfried vom Department für
Naturschutzbiologie, Vegetations- und Landschaftsökologie der Universität Wien das zentrale Ergebnis
der Forschungsarbeit.
Biologinnen und Biologen aus 13 Ländern beobachten im Rahmen der Studie die alpine Vegetation, also
niedrigwüchsige Pflanzengemeinschaften im Hochgebirge oberhalb der Baumgrenze. „Viele kältetolerante
Arten wandern buchstäblich in den Himmel. In einigen der niedrigeren europäischen Gebirge können wir
beobachten, wie die offene alpine Graslandschaft verschwindet und Zwergsträucher den Lebensraum in
wenigen Jahrzehnten erobern werden”, warnt Michael Gottfried, der Erstautor der in „Nature Climate
Change” erschienenen Publikation.
Das kann auch Prof. Brigitta Erschbamer für die von ihr betreuten Gebiete bestätigen: In den Dolomiten
wurde die fortlaufende Änderung der Flora auf vier ausgewählten Berggipfeln bereits dreimal erhoben, in
den Jahren 2001, 2006 und 2008; im Naturpark Texelgruppe zweimal, 2003 und 2011. „Insgesamt zeigte
sich in beiden Gebieten ganz klar eine Thermophilisierung: Arten mit bisherigem
Verbreitungsschwerpunkt in der montanen und subalpinen Stufe wanderten in höhere Lagen hinauf“, sagt
Erschbamer. Ihr Team fand beispielsweise nach 5 bis 8 Jahren Jungwuchs von Lärche und
Alpine Urwiesen und Felsfluren europaweit gefährdet - iPoint
http://www.uibk.ac.at/ipoint/news/2012/alpine-urwiesen-und-felsfluren...
Zwergwacholder bereits auf 2750 m (Dolomiten) beziehungsweise 3000 m (Texelgruppe) Meereshöhe.
Europaweite Entwicklung
Die GLORIA-Studie mit dem Titel “Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change” ist
weltweit die bislang breitest angelegte ihrer Art. Sie bestätigt den direkten Zusammenhang zwischen
erhöhten Sommertemperaturen und der Veränderung alpiner Lebensgemeinschaften und demonstriert
diese Entwicklung erstmals für den gesamten europäischen Kontinent. "Unsere Arbeit belegt, dass der
Klimawandel auch die entlegensten Winkel der Biosphäre beeinflusst", sagt Georg Grabherr, Gründer und
Leiter von GLORIA.
Die Thermophilisierung – ein von GLORIA-Forschenden geprägter Begriff – wurde erstmalig quantitativ
erfasst und als messbarer Indikator definiert. Alle 32 an der Studie beteiligten AutorInnen wandten
dieselbe Methodik auf genau dokumentierten Probeflächen an, wodurch eine europaweite Vergleichbarkeit
erst möglich wurde. „Wir hoffen, dass unser Thermophilisierungs-Indikator von anderen
Forschungsgruppen weltweit übernommen und auf diese Weise ein globaler Vergleich möglich wird“, sagt
Harald Pauli vom Institut für Gebirgsforschung der ÖAW. Bemerkenswert ist, dass die Thermophilisierung
von der Seehöhe unabhängig ist – sie findet von der Baumgrenze bis zu den höchsten Gipfeln statt;
ebenso von der geographischen Breite – von Schottland bis zu den Gebirgsregionen Kretas.
Über GLORIA
Das GLORIA-Programm (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments) ist ein Netzwerk
von mehr als 100 Forschungsgruppen aus sechs Kontinenten, dessen Ziel ein weltweites Monitoring der
Gebirgsregionen ist. Seit der Gründung 2001 hat es einen standardisierten und langfristigen Ansatz zur
Beobachtung von Gebirgsvegetation und ihrer Reaktion auf den Klimawandel entwickelt und umgesetzt.
Die europäischen Untersuchungen werden im Jahr 2015 wiederholt, um den Fortgang der Entwicklung
aufzuzeigen.
Links:
GLORIA Österreich
GLORIA an der Universität Innsbruck
© Büro für Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Kulturservice | Universität Innsbruck
(ef)
Europe's mountains show clear and rapid change to a warming climate ...
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by ClickGreen staff. Published Mon 09 Jan 2012 15:27
The decade from 2000 to 2009 was the warmest since
global climate has been measured, and while localized
studies have shown evidence of changes in mountain
plant communities that reflect this warming trend, no
study has yet taken a continental-scale view of the
situation – until now.
Continent-wide study reveals mountain changes
With the publication of "Continent-wide response of
mountain vegetation to climate change," scheduled for
Advance Online Publication (AOP) in Nature Climate
Change on 8 January, researchers from 13 countries
report clear and statistically significant evidence of a
continent-wide warming effect on mountain plant
communities.
Latest Research
9
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to sunbathe four
times a week to
boost vitamin D
levels
(Tue 10/01)
Europe's
mountains show
clear and rapid
change to a
warming climate
(Mon 09/01)
Greenhouse gas
emissions are
delaying Earth's
next ice age,
new study
The findings are "clearly significant," says Ottar Michelsen, a researcher at the Norwegian University of Science and
Technology and one of the article's co-authors. "You can find studies that have shown an effect locally, and where
researchers try to say something more globally, but in this case, when you have so many mountains in so many regions
and can show an effect, that's a big thing."
suggests
(Sun 08/01)
The article describes the results of a comprehensive effort to measure plant community changes in the mountains over
the whole of Europe, with nearly a decade of time between the sampling efforts. Researchers looked at 60 summit sites
and 867 vegetation samples from 17 mountain areas across Europe in 2001 and then revisited the mountain sample
sites in 2008. In Norway, researchers studied mountain plots in the Dovre region of central Norway.
Survey reveals
consumer
interest in
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(Thu 05/01)
By comparing the vegetation found in the sample plots in 2001 and 2008, the researchers were able to see a clear shift
in the species in the plots towards species that preferred warmer temperatures.
UK enjoys
second hottest
year on record...
and the wettest
ever in Scotland
(Fri 30/12)
More specifically, the researchers assigned what they called an altitudinal rank to all 764 plant species included in the
study. The rank reflects the temperature at which each species has its optimum performance. And because altitude and
temperature are directly correlated in each mountain area (the higher your altitude in the mountains, in general, the
colder it will be) the location on the mountain where a plant is found reflects its response to the actual temperature at
that location.
More Research
By summing the altitudinal ranks for the species in the plots, the researchers then used a mathematical formula to give
each plot a "thermic vegetation indicator". The indicator was calculated for each plot for 2001 and 2008, and the change
in the indicator over the 7 years between sample periods showed researchers whether the mix of plants in each plot had
stayed the same or shifted on average to plant types that preferred either colder or warmer temperatures. They then
combined the data for the 17 mountain areas for the two time periods to get a continental-scale view of what kind of
change, if any, might be underway.
"The transformation of plant communities on a continental scale within less than a decade can be considered a rapid
ecosystem response to ongoing climate warming," the researchers wrote. "Although the signal is not statistically
significant for single mountain regions, it is clearly significant when data throughout Europe are pooled."
The finding is significant both because the shift in plant communities could be clearly detected over time, but also
because it suggests that plants adapted to colder temperatures that are now found in alpine plant communities will be
subject to more competition, which "may lead to declines or even local disappearance of alpine plant species," the
researchers note. "In fact, declines of extreme high-altitude species at their lower range margins have recently been
observed in the Alps."
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Rare alp flowers in uplands ‘may disappear soon’, Teesdale Mercury
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Michael Gottfried, of the Global Observation
Research Initiative in Alpine Environments
(Gloria) programme, said: “Many cold-loving
species are literally running out of
mountain. “In some of the lower mountains in Europe,
we could see alpine meadows disappearing
and dwarf shrubs taking over within the
next few decades.”
The team said cold-loving plants were being
pushed out by species that preferred
warmer conditions.
This is happening in upland areas across
Europe from Crete to Scotland.
In 2010, Natural England officers spoke
about how climate change was putting
upper Teesdale’s alpine flowers at risk. They
said upper Teesdale has seen a one degree
centigrade rise during January and February
in recent decades.
Natural England officer Chris McCarty, from
Moor House Upper Teesdale National Nature
Reserve, said: “Alpine plants respond to
http://www.teesdalemercury.co.uk/teesdale-news/story,3888.html[07.02.2012 15:33:10]
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Rare alp flowers in uplands ‘may disappear soon’, Teesdale Mercury
warming by either moving upwards or track
in a northerly direction.
“But a lot of these plants in Teesdale are
already at the top of the hills and have
nowhere else to go – they can’t go
northwards either because there isn’t any
suitable terrain in that direction. So they
have to be in the firing line.”
Many of the upper dale’s arctic-alpine plants
were at the southern limit of their range
and can usually be found in places such as
Greenland and Lapland. “These are the ones most at risk from
climate change, but what will happen is
uncertain. “However, they are definitely under threat,”
Mr McCarty said.
Warmer weather in Teesdale would mean a
longer growing season. This could squeeze
out rare plants.
“Normally at this altitude, things shut down
for winter but an extended growing season
will increase competition from more vigorous
species,” he said.
http://www.teesdalemercury.co.uk/teesdale-news/story,3888.html[07.02.2012 15:33:10]