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Media Construction of Global Warming PowerPoint Slide Show, Lesson 8 History of Global Warming in the Media Dec. 4, 1957 Feb. 2, 1970 An Aquarian Festival of Joy & Harmony on Earth Geodesic Dome Inhabited by Spiritual Groups Artisans, Artists, and Craftsmen Gather Your Endeavors to Sell, Buy, Trade, & Teach 1970 1970 What do these headlines communicate about scientific discourse on climate change during the 1970s? Study Says Man Alters Climate NEW YORK TIMES, Sept. 23, 1971 Climate Experts Assay Ice Age Clues NEW YORK TIMES, Jan. 27, 1972 Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming? SCIENCE, August 1975 2 Climate Experts Decry Predictions of Disaster NEW YORK TIMES, Feb. 22, 1976 Even U.S. Farms May Be Hit by Cooling Trend U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT, May 31, 1976 Is Energy Use Overheating World? U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT, July 25, 1977 THE ICE AGE COMETH? March 1, 1975 President Jimmy Carter at the Dedication of Solar Panels added to the White House June 20, 1979 Feb. 24, 1979 Public Opinion Poll May 1981 Union of Concerned Scientists Question: Have you heard or read anything about the Greenhouse Effect? Had heard ___% 38 Had not heard ___% 50 Aug. 24, 1981 Oct. 19, 1987 UNEP logo Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (formed in 1988) The role of the IPCC is to assess on a comprehensive, objective, open and transparent basis the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation. Global Climate Coalition (formed in 1989) The GCC coordinates business participation in the scientific and policy debate on the global climate change issue. The Global Climate Coalition is an organization of private companies and business trade associations representing more than 230,000 firms. July 4, 1988 Aug. 23, 1988 What do these headlines communicate about the political response to global warming in the late 1980s? Policy Makers, Spurred by Ozone Treaty, Consider Tackling ‘Greenhouse Effect’ WALL STREET JOURNAL, Sept. 17, 1987 Baker Urges Steps on Global Warming; Reduce Emissions, Energy Efficiency, Reforestation Recommended WASHINGTON POST, Jan. 31, 1989 U.S., in a Shift, Seeks Treaty on Global Warming NEW YORK TIMES, May 12, 1989 World Leaders to Focus on Environment at Economic Summit, Document Shows WALL STREET JOURNAL, July 7, 1989 House and Senate Recognize a Pork Barrel When They See One, Warm to the Environment WALL STREET JOURNAL, Aug. 16, 1989 Industrial Nations Can’t Reach Pact to Fight Warming WALL STREET JOURNAL, Nov. 8, 1989 Opinion PollPoll 1990Public Public Opinion Union of Concerned Scientists 1990 Union of Concerned Scientists Question: Because of their concerns about global warming, many industrialized countries have recently made commitments to limit or reduce their amount of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels released into the air. The Bush administration believes that scientific predictions of global warming are too uncertain and refuses to commit the U.S. to any such carbon dioxide limit. Do you believe that the U.S. should join other industrialized countries in committing to carbon dioxide emissions limits, or should we wait for greater scientific certainty before making a commitment? Join other countries U.S. should wait 69% 26% The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect from observations is not likely for a decade or more. - IPCC, 1990 1990 Jan. 6, 1992 The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect from observations is not likely for a decade or more. - IPCC, 1990 The balance of evidence suggests a discernable human influence on global climate. - IPCC, 1995 1995 What do these newspaper headlines communicate leading up to the Kyoto Conference in December 1997? Industry Expects Economic Havoc Following Carbon Emissions Cuts CHEMICAL MARKET REPORTE, Oct. 6, 1997 Exxon Urges Developing Nations to Shun Environmental Curbs Hindering Growth WALL STREET JOURNAL, Nov. 14, 1997 Clinton Struggles to Appease all Sides Over Climate Proposals NATURE, Oct. 30, 1997 Waning Influence Provokes Green Groups’ Frustration NATURE, Nov. 20, 1997 Public Backs Tough Steps for a Treaty on Warming NEW YORK TIMES, Nov. 28, 1997 Climate Change: EU Still in the Vanguard on the Eve of the Kyoto Conference EUROPEAN REPORT, Nov. 28, 1997 Industrialized, Developing Nations Clash at Kyoto Climate Change Talks OIL AND GAS JOURNAL, Dec. 1,1997 China Attacks Proposed Gas Curbs FINANCIAL TIMES OF LONDON, Dec. 6, 1997 Ford Shifts on Global Warming: Automaker Decides to Quit Coalition Battling Kyoto Treaty THE WASHINGTON POST, Dec. 7, 1997 The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect from observations is not likely for a decade or more. - IPCC, 1990 The balance of evidence suggests a discernable human influence on global climate. There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. - IPCC, 2001 - IPCC, 1995 2001 2001 April 9, 2001 1987 2001 What do these headlines communicate about government response to global warming in 2002 and 2003? U.S. Sees Problems in Climate Change: Report, a Shift for Bush, Says Nation Will Need to Adapt NEW YORK TIMES, June 8, 2002 Senate Committee Approves Bill Mandating Big Cute in Emissions NEW YORK TIMES, June 28, 2002 State Officials Ask Bush to Act on Global Warming NEW YORK TIMES, July 17, 2002 McCain and Lieberman Offer Bill to Require Cuts in Gases NEW YORK TIMES, Jan. 9, 2003 Panel of Experts Faults Bush Plan to Study Climate NEW YORK TIMES, Feb. 26, 2003 The Warming is Global but the Legislation, in the U.S., Is All Local NEW YORK TIMES, June 28, 2002 2004 2004 Oct. 3, 2005 2006 The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect from observations is not likely for a decade or more. - IPCC, 1990 The balance of evidence suggests a discernable human influence on global climate. - IPCC 1995 , There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. - IPCC, 2001 Warming of the climate system is unequivocal. - IPCC, 2007 Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid20th century is very likely (greater than 90% probability) due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations - IPCC, 2007 Washington Post-ABC News Poll December 13, 2009 Question: Do you think most scientists agree with one another about whether or not global warming is happening, or do you think there is a lot of disagreement among scientists on this issue? Most scientists agree There is a lot of disagreement among scientists 35 ___% 64 ___% What significant trends or developments appear in these New York Times headlines from 2007 to 2010? Public Remains Split on Response to Warming April 27, 2007 Gore Shares Peace Prize for Climate Change Work Oct. 13, 2007 Melting Pace of Glaciers is Accelerating, Report Says March 20, 2008 Survey Shows Gap Between Scientists and the Public July 10, 2009 Obama Aide Concedes Climate Law Must Wait Oct. 3, 2009 In Face of Skeptics, Experts Affirm Climate Peril Dec. 7, 2009 Global and Local Concerns Meet in ‘Hopenhagen’ Dec. 11, 2009 China Insists That Its Steps on Climate Be Voluntary Jan. 30, 2010 What criticisms of the Copenhagen Summit and leadership on global warming are reflected in these editorial cartoons? What trends or developments do you see reflected in these magazine covers? 2004 2005 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2010 What trends or developments do you see reflected in these magazine covers? What changes do you see in public opinion on global warming? Is there solid evidence the earth is warming? (Pew Center) YES: April 2008 – 71% October 2009 – 57% ---------------------------- How serious a problem is global warming? (Pew Center) VERY SERIOUS: January 2007 – 44% October 2009 – 35% ---------------------------- Global warming is a very serious problem and should be one of the highest priorities for government leaders. (CBS/New York Times) AGREE: April 2007 – 52% December 2009 – 37% ---------------------------- The seriousness of global warming is generally exaggerated. (Gallup) AGREE: March 2006 – 30% March 2009 – 41% What do you notice about public opinion and political affiliation? ---------------------------Do you believe in global warming? (Fox News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, Dec. 2007) YES: Democrats – 83% Republicans – 46% % who agreed, by political affiliation ---------------------------Global warming is exaggerated. (Gallup, March 2009) What have you learned from this history about the science, politics, and media representation of global warming? What are the ways that you can seek more informed truths when evaluating scientific claims made in the media? Identify scientific credibility through asking: To what degree has the science been peer-reviewed? How many of scientists/studies have corroborated the information? Is the source credible? What are its (his/her/their) biases? How do my own biases influence my response to this information? Think critically about any media message by asking: Who produced and who sponsored this message? What is the purpose of this message and who is the target audience? What ideas, information, and perspectives are communicated? What has been left out that may be important to know? How credible, current, and accurate is the information? Who might benefit and who might be harmed by this message? How do my own biases influence my understanding of this message? What are your views? Is global warming happening? Is it caused by humans? How serious a threat is it? What should we do about it?