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Chapter 6 Notes Section 6.1- Chromosomes and Meiosis Somatic Cell Ex. Germ Cell Ex. Humans have _____ chromosomes or _____ pairs of homologous chromosomes. Autosomes Ex. Sex Chromosomes Ex. Sexual Reproduction: Fertilization: fusion of _______ and ___________ Diploid Chromosome Number Ex. Haploid Chromosome Number Ex. What happens if an organism has an incorrect chromosome number? 1. 2. Meiosis definition: How many divisions? Creates: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis Type of reproduction asexual Genetic diversity due to crossing over DNA # of chromosomes Meiosis Same number of chromosomes as parents Haploid/Diploid # of cell divisions Number/type of cell made 4 haploid Section 6.2 Process of Meiosis Homologous chromosome vs. Sister chromatid Interphase Before Meiosis Stage of Interphase What happens during that phase G1- gap 1 S- synthesis G2- gap 2 Phase Prophase 1 Metaphase 1 Meiosis 1 What happens in the phase Drawing of the phase Anaphase 1 Telophase 1 Cytokinesis Who undergoes crossing over? What is crossing over and what does it create? Phase Prophase 2 Metaphase 2 Anaphase 2 Telophase 2 Meiosis 2 What happens in the phase Drawing of the phase Cytokinesis Type of Gamete What it contributes to the embryo Section 6.3 Mendel and Heredity Genetics: Heredity: What did Gregor Mendel do to help further Biology? Gregor Mendel studied what organism and why? Mendel’s Key Choices 1. 2. 3. Defining characteristics How is a true-breeding/purebred plant created? What is a trait? Give an example of one of the seven traits that Mendel followed. To prevent self pollination Gregor Mendel __________________________________________ of the flower and pollinated them himself. When two types of purebred plants are crossed/reproduced together they create a _________________. Mendel's Results Definition, how it is made, what traits showed up Parental generation F1 or first filial generation F2 or second filial generation Mendel’s Conclusions 1. Law of segregation 2. 3. Segregation is the separation of ______________. It occurs ____________________________________. During gamete formation ______________ ________________ segregate from each other so that each gamete ___________________________. Section 6.4- Traits, Genes, and Alleles Genes Ex. Allele Ex. Homozygous alleles Ex. Heterozygous alleles Ex. Genotype Ex. Phenotype Ex. Dominant Alleles Ex. Recessive Alleles Ex. Section 6.5- Traits and Probability What are Punnett Squares used for? Axes: Grid boxes: Monohybrid Cross: Homozygous-homozygous Heterozygous-heterozygous Heterozygous-homozygous Umbreon Punnett Square Mothe:r Gg Father: Gg Dominant: gold G G g Offspring: ___________ Dominant __________ Recessive Recessive: blue g Teddiursa Punnett Square Father: Bb Mother: bb Offspring: homozygous dominant _________, Dominant: brown Recessive: green heterozygous dominant _________, homozygous recessive _________ Testcross: Mendel followed two traits to see if they were linked, which is a dihybrid cross. When RRYY and rryy were crossed they produced _________________. He then crossed the _______________ and produced a _________________ ratio. Independent Assortment states: Cat Dihybrid/Two-factor Punnet Square Mother: HhSs Father: HhSs Dominant: has hair, no stripes HS Hs Recessive: no hair, stripes hS hs HS Hs hS hs Offspring: _______ HHSS and HhSs, ________ HHss and Hhss, _________ hhSS and hhSs, ________ hhss Probability Ex. Multiplication of individual probabilities Ex. Equation for Probability Probability = ________________________________ Section 6.6- Meiosis and Genetic Variation Sexual Reproduction creates ___________________. Ways genetic diversity increases: 1. 2. 3. 4. Genetic linkage: Genes close together will ____________________________. Genes farther apart will ______________________________.