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Name:____________________ Date:_______________ Period:_______ How Cells Make Proteins Project Objective: The goal or objective of this project is to create genes/strands of DNA that are decoded into proteins that represent specific parts on your Robotic Protists. Standard: All cells contain genetic information in the form of DNA molecules. Genes are regions in the DNA that contain the instructions that code for the formation of proteins, which carry out most of the work of cells. Background Information: Your cells come in all shapes and sizes. Different types of cell make different proteins according to the jobs they have to do. For example, only red blood cells contain the protein hemoglobin which carries oxygen around your body. Similarly, only cells in your eyes make proteins for detecting light. As well as these 'specialized' proteins, almost all your cells share a common set of 'housekeeping' proteins. I know that you must be wondering……How do cells decide which proteins to make? Almost all your cells have the same set of genes (DNA). These carry instructions for making every protein in your body. But any particular cell uses only a selected set of those genes; if a gene is 'switched off', no protein will be made from that gene. Mechanisms for switching genes on and off are crucial to the functioning of every cell. The process of protein production requires multiple steps. Each of these steps requires signals from outside and from within the cell. The first step is for chemicals outside the cell to call for a need for a particular protein. The chemical signals travel to the nucleus, where the gene containing the instructions to make the cell is transcribed into a messenger RNA sequence (mRNA). The mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome. The ribosome signals the tRNA to bring the correct amino acid to the ribosome so the protein can be built from the amino acids. Robotic Protists: Remember that these robots exhibit the eight characteristics of life: Be made of units called cells, they are able to reproduce, Based on a universal genetic code, Respond to the environment, Can grow and develop, Obtain and use materials and energy, Maintain a stable internal environment, and are able to change over time. The characteristic of life that we will focus on in this project is the universal genetic code. Each Robotic Protists contain six main gene sequences. You will create more genes and alleles later on in the course. Your specific color Robotic Protists have six genes. However, since there are three robots, you table will be responsible for only two of the gene sequences. The sequences will be put together at the end of the project. Directions: Read all of the directions before starting o the project. You will responsible for all of the information listed below. However, during the presentation, at your table, you will be randomly chosen to verbally answer or describe one of the four parts of the project below. You may use you notebook as a resource to complete these tasks. 1. Create a nine base DNA sequence using the proper base pairing rules. First write the sequence in the table below. Then, draw a diagram/poster or create a model using the building blocks of the two nine base DNA strands. 2. From these two DNA gene sequences, create a message or copy of the DNA strands. Then, create a diagram/poster or create a model using the building blocks to make the message or copy. 3. Be able to demonstrate through a diagram/poster or by building models of all three types of RNA and how they assemble proteins. This includes the association of mRNA to rRNA and tRNA. Specifically how the codons and anticodons base pairing allow amino acids to assemble in a specific way. 4. Be able to demonstrate how the proteins are assembled from amino acids and the importance of these proteins to the Robotic Protists. Read the background information from above to understand why proteins are important to your Robotic Protists. 5. You will need to write out all the information with evidence in the "Written Presentation" portion of the project below. Be sure to read the Rubric to know what specifically needs to be done to be successful on this project. Written Presentation 1. Create two nine base DNA sequences using the proper base pairing rules. First write the sequence in the table below. Then, draw a diagram/poster or create a model using the building blocks of the two nine base DNA strands. Gene Number Y1 Y2 Y3 Protein Description Gene Sequence (9 bps) Y1. Y2. Y3. Y4. Y5. Y4 Y5 Y6. Y6 Explain how base pairing works in the DNA sequence and how chromosomes, genes and DNA are different and how they are the same. Also, explain the importance of DNA to your organism. Base pairing in DNA can be demonstrated by... _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Chromosomes, genes and DNA are different by... _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ They are the same because... _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ DNA is important to my organism because... _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Evidence: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. From these two DNA gene sequences, create a message or copy of the DNA strands. Then, create a diagram/poster or create a model using the building blocks to make the message or copy. Explain how base pairing works in the RNA sequence. Be able to demonstrate the process of transcription and where it occurs in the cell. Base pairing in RNA can be demonstrated by... _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ The process of transcription begins when.... _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Transcription takes place in the... _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Evidence: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3. Be able to demonstrate through a diagram/poster or by building models of all three types of RNA and how they assemble proteins. This includes the association of mRNA to rRNA and tRNA. Specifically how the codons and anticodons base pairing allow amino acids to assemble in a specific way. The process of translation includes all three RNAs, beginning with.... _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Codons and anticodons are located on... _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ The base pairing for the codons and anticodons works by ... _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ tRNA assembles amino acids into proteins by... _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Evidence: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4. Be able to demonstrate how the proteins are assembled from amino acids and the importance of these proteins to the Robotic Protists. Read the background information from above to understand why proteins are important to your Robotic Protists. Amino acids are assembled to make proteins by... _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ These proteins are important to this organism because... Discuss at least two genes _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Evidence: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Concept Map for Presentation: Organization of DNA Base pairing in DNA can be demonstrated by... Chromosomes, genes and DNA are different by... They are the same because... Process of Transcription: Process of Translation: How Proteins are Assembled and their importance: Gene 1 Gene 2 Rubric: Category/Score Base Pairing and Structure of genetic information 4 Base Pairing is accurate and consistent throughout the strand of DNA and Structure of genetic information clearly shows the proper sequence of organization. Evidence clearly supports the demonstration. Demonstration of transcription is clearly demonstrated with no errors in base pairing, placement and sequence of process. Evidence used clearly backs the claim. 3 Base Pairing has 1 to 2 errors throughout the strand of DNA and Structure of genetic information shows the sequence with 1 to 2 errors of organization. Evidence supports the demonstration. 2 Base Pairing has 2 to 3 errors throughout the strand of DNA and Structure of genetic information shows the sequence with 2 to 3 errors of organization. Some evidence supports the demonstration. 1 Base Pairing has many errors throughout the strand of DNA and Structure of genetic information shows the sequence with many errors of organization. Few to no evidence supports the demonstration. Demonstration of transcription is demonstrated with 1 to 2 errors in base pairing, placement and sequence of process. Evidence used backs the claim. Demonstration of transcription is demonstrated with several errors in base pairing, placement and sequence of process. Little to no evidence used to back claim. Demonstration of Translation Demonstration of translation is clearly demonstrated with no errors in base pairing, placement and sequence of process. Evidence used clearly backs the claim. Demonstration of translation is demonstrated with 1 to 2 errors in base pairing, placement and sequence of process. Evidence used backs the claim. The importance of proteins to organisms A clear connection is made between the proteins and their importance to the organism. The claim is clearly supported with evidence. A good connection is made between the proteins and their importance to the organism. The claim is somewhat supported with evidence. Demonstration of transcription is demonstrated with 2 to 3 errors in base pairing, placement and sequence of process. Evidence used backs attempts to the claim. Demonstration of translation is demonstrated with 2 to 3 errors in base pairing, placement and sequence of process. Evidence used backs attempts to the claim. Some connection is made between the proteins and their importance to the organism. The claim is attempted supported with evidence. Demonstration of Transcription Demonstration of translation is demonstrated with several errors in base pairing, placement and sequence of process. Little to no evidence used to back claim. Little connection is made between the proteins and their importance to the organism. The claim is supported with little to no evidence.