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Transcript
SCS N4N5 DNA, RNA, Proteins & GE Learning Outcomes DNA, RNA and Proteins A gene is a small section of a chromosome made up of DNA The 4 DNA bases are A, T, G, C and these make up the genetic code mRNA copies the DNA code for making the protein inside the nucleus The structure of a protein is important for its function as proteins have a specific shape e.g. enzymes fit specifically to one substrate Proteins can be structural, enzymes, hormones or antibodies The basic structure of DNA in is a double stranded helix made up of complementary DNA bases & a backbone The base A pairs with T, and the base G pairs with C The order(sequence) of DNA bases codes for the order of amino acids in a protein mRNA carries the DNA protein code from the nucleus to a ribosome Proteins are made (assembled) at a ribosome from amino acids The order of Amino Acids determines the shape and function of the protein produced Examples of other protein molecules and their importance:Haemoglobin – carries oxygen, Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide Genetic Engineering & Proteins Genes carry the code for making proteins In Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering is used to transfer genes from one organism into another organism. Steps in Genetic Engineering 1. The gene is identified (e.g. Human insulin) 2. The gene is extracted from the chromosome 3. The gene is inserted into a vector/bacterial plasmid 4. The plasmid is put into a host cell (e.g. bacterium) 5. Growth of transformed cells occur 6. Organisms which have had additional genes inserted into them are called Genetically Modified (GM) Organisms
