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Transcript
Alleles Different versions of a particular gene. Amniocentesis A method of obtaining cells from a foetus for genetic testing. Asexual Reproduction Carrier When an organism produces offspring that are clones of itself. The offspring have just one parent. A person who has the recessive allele for a characteristic or disease and can pass it on, but who does not have the characteristic or disease itself. Chromosome Threads of genes found in the nucleus of a cell. Clones Organisms which are genetically identical to each other. Cystic Fibrosis An inherited disorder caused by recessive alleles that affects a person’s breathing and digestion. DNA Genes are made from this chemical. Dominant An allele that will show up in an organism, even if you have only one copy. Environmental A source of variation between individuals. Ethics Making decisions about what you believe is the right or wrong way to behave. False Negative A wrong test result for a medical condition. The person has the condition but it is not detected by the test. False Positive A wrong test result for a medical condition. The test result says a person has the condition when they do not. Gene A section of DNA at a particular position on a chromosome, that controls a characteristic of the organism. Genetic Engineering Altering the characteristics of an organism by introducing genes from another organism into its DNA. Genetic Screening Testing a population for a particular allele. Genetic Testing Testing an individual for a particular allele. Gene Therapy When a faulty allele is replaced with a normal allele, to try to cure a genetic disorder. Hormone Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) A chemical messenger secreted by specialised cells that bring about changes in cells or tissues elsewhere in the plant or animal. A committee that decides upon the uses of in vitro fertilisation. Huntington’s Disorder An inherited disease of the nervous system caused by a dominant allele. The symptoms only appear in middle age. In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) When sperm are used to fertilise an egg outside the human body. Nucleus The part of a cell containing the genetic material. Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) or Embryo Selection Embryos are fertilised outside the human body and tested for faulty alleles. Only embryos without the faulty allele are put into the mother’s uterus. Proteins Genes are instructions for making these. Recessive An allele that will only show up in an organism when two copies are present. Reproductive Cloning Sexual Reproduction Technique used to produce an adult clone of an organism. An example of this was the cloning of ‘Dolly’ the sheep. This form of reproduction involves the fusion of sex cells at fertilisation. Sex Cells Specialised cells that carry one copy of the parents’ genetic information and join together at fertilisation. Specialised Cells that have developed into one particular type of cell e.g. muscle cells, nerve cells Stem Cells Termination Therapeutic Cloning Unspecialised cells that can develop into different types of cells. When a woman chooses to have an operation to end her pregnancy before the embryo/foetus is fully developed. Technique used to produce cloned embryos from a patient. In the future, stem cells from the embryo may be used to treat a medical condition of the patient. Variation Differences between organisms of the same species. XX Sex chromosomes found in a body cell of a woman. XY Sex chromosomes found in a body cell of a man.