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Ancient Rome September 12th Activator What do the images we choose to represent us tell people about our culture? • As Greece was declining, Rome grew and increased its power. • At the height of its empire Rome: – Had a population of 50-60 million people (that’s 15% of the world population at the time). – Controlled the modern-day countries of Portugal, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Greece, Turkey, Iraq, Morocco, Switzerland, Italy, and more… • Map of expansion: http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/bo oks/bkf3/imaps/AC_13_427_romheight/AC_1 3_427_romheight.html How did this great empire begin? • Myth: Romulus and Remus https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6M 5sFXKRcY • Reality: men built the city, choosing the location because of its strategic location and fertile soil • Why?? Roman Geography • Built on seven rolling hills near the Tiber River • Close enough to the Mediterranean Sea for commerce and food, but far enough away for protection from invasions Early Romans • Three groups lived in early Rome—Greeks, Latins, and Etruscans Latins built the original settlement. Greeks established colonies in Sicily and southern Italy Etruscans shared their language/writing system and architectural styles • In 600 BC, an Etruscan became the king of Rome. • Village of Rome becomes a city quickly— temples, Roman Forum Rome in Three Phases • Kingdom – Rule under Etruscans with a king • Republic – Rule by the citizens who chose their leaders • Empire – Period of Roman expansion, during which emperors with complete control ruled The Roman Republic: 509-264 BC • In 509, the Romans drove their harsh king, Tarquin the Proud, out of power. • A republic is declared—never again did the Romans want to be ruled by a king. How did the republic work? • Romans were divided into two groups – Plebeians: common farmers, artisans, and merchants (largest part of population) – Patricians: wealthy landowners with most of the power • Patricians inherited their status, were given the right to make laws for Rome • Plebeians could vote, but they couldn’t hold public office, so they formed an assembly to protect their rights, elected representatives called tribunes The Twelve Tables • Written law code • Considered a Plebeian victory • Twelve tables, carved into stone and placed in the Forum • Significance: Established the idea that all free citizens had protection under the law. Government in the Republic • Very balanced • Executive Branch: 2 leaders called consuls – – – – – Commanded the army Directed the government 1-year term Could only be reelected 10 years after a term If one consul made a decision the other didn’t like, they had veto power • Legislative Branch: Senate – 300 members from upper classes of Roman society • Dictator: In times of crisis, elected for 6 months to lead – Had absolute power – Could make laws – Commanded the army The Roman Army • All citizens (adult, male landowners) required to serve for a year – – – Had to be 20 years old Want to retire with a pension? Serve 25 years. Public office seekers had to serve 10 years • • Legions: 5000 men led by a legate Century: 80 men led by a centurion carrying a short rod to show importance, beat men if necessary • Could march up to 20 miles a day in full armor Fought using a spear and shield Very important in Rome’s expansion • • Ever heard of earning a salary for your work? The word’s Latin origin is “salarium,” the Roman soldier’s money used to buy salt to keep his food fresh. Spreading Rome’s Power • First, the Romans conquered Italy by defeating the Etruscans in the north and the Greeks in the south • Some conquered people were made citizens, others were made allies – Citizens could vote in Roman elections – Allies had to supply members for the army and could not ally with Roman enemies • Because of its strategic location, Rome was able to trade wine and olive oil for other goods that they needed • One city was in their way, though--Carthage War with Carthage • 264 BC-146 BC • Struggle became known as the Punic Wars – First Punic War: Greeks defeat Carthage – Second Punic War: • Carthage has a great general, Hannibal • Surprised the Romans by attacking through the Alps, had many victories • Romans prevented Hannibal from capturing Rome • Romans find a military match for Hannibal—Scipio – Attacked Carthage, forcing Hannibal to return home – Third Punic War: Rome conquers Carthage, made its citizens 50,000 citizens slaves • As Rome expands, it will challenge the republic. • Main issue: unrest within the lower classes of society. – Large farms with slaves and equipment vs. small farms that couldn’t keep up – Many former-soldiers sold farms and moved to the city, joining the urban poor – 1/4th of the population was urban poor • Two tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus propose help for the poor, but because the rich senators didn’t like this, they had the brothers killed …CIVIL WAR FOLLOWS… Caesar’s Rise • From the urban poor, soldiers are recruited by generals that could pay them to fight • Julius Caesar, a military leader, will join ranks with Crassus, a wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a popular general • 59 BC: Caesar elected consul • 59-69 BC: Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey ruled as a triumvirate. So…what do we know about Caesar? • Could trace his lineage to Romulus, the first king of Rome • Had several affairs, including one with Cleopatra of Egypt • He had a son with Cleopatra— Caesarian—though he wasn’t officially acknowledged. • Was a brilliant military strategist How did Caesar rule? Rise to power… Reforms… • Ruled as consul for one year, • Ruled as an absolute in accordance with Roman law ruler • Appointed himself governor of • Granted Roman Gaul, led many military citizenship to all campaigns, and returned to Rome in 46 BC with the provinces support of the army and the • Created jobs through masses public building projects • The senate appointed • Increased soldier him dictator in 46 BC and salaries named him dictator for LIFE in 44 BC Caesar’s Assassination • Many feared his rule and power • March 15, 44 BC – Senators, led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassus, stabbed him to death in the senate • Video Clip: http://www.history.com/topics/ancienthistory/julius-caesar/videos Another Civil War… • After Caesar’s death, civil war broke out again • A second triumvirate ruled briefly, but was corrupt – Leaders: Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew), Lepidus, and Mark Antony – Eventually, Lepidus retires and Mark Antony runs off to Egypt with his mistress, Cleopatra (the two eventually commit suicide after a naval defeat…) – http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/cleopatra Octavian’s Rule • Octavian becomes the undisputed ruler of Rome • Takes the name Augustus, which means “exalted one” • The empire flourished during a time known as Pax Romana— ”Roman Peace” – Strong government – Strong economy – Roads to link the empire Activity • Today will complete a Roman Law Comparison Chart using the 12 tables as a primary source document. Summary • What are some examples of Roman contributions to the rest of the world?