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Making Vaccines Effective Vaccines • Have low levels of side effects or toxicity. • Protect against exposure to natural, or wild forms of the pathogen. • Should stimulate both an antibody (B-cell) response and a cell mediated (T-cell) response. • Have long term, lasting effects that produce immunological memory. • Should not require numerous doses or boosters • Are inexpensive, have a long shelf life and are easy to administer. Routes of Administration • The majority of vaccines are administered by injection – Subcutaneous – Intramuscular – Intradermal • Oral vaccines are available for only a few diseases Administration Routes Live, attenuated (weakened) cells (viruses) – Vaccines are longer-lasting and require fewer boosters – However, the disease agent could mutate back to pathogenic strain – Harder to make this type for bacteria – usu. viruses – Example: MMR, Varicella zoster Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses – Even though they are harmless, they still contain recognizable antigens on their surface – Because the microbe does not multiply, a weaker immune response is stimulated vs. live vaccines – larger doses and more boosters are required. – Example:Polio virus Toxoid vaccines – A purified toxin produced by the antigen is used to elicit immune response. – Example: DTaP • Diptheria, Tetanus and acellular Pertussis Subunit Vaccines • Subunit vaccines contain just the antigens of the microbe that best stimulate the immune system. • Antigens that have been separated from the rest of the microbe • Examples: Hepatitis B, Gardasil, Influenza Genetically engineered microbes or microbial antigens – Genes for microbial antigens are inserted into a plasmid vector and are cloned in appropriate hosts. – The resultant protein product is used to provoke immune system. DNA vaccines – These vaccines contain all or part of the pathogen DNA, which is used to “infect” a recipient’ s cells. Herd Immunity • More individuals that are immune decreases the incidence of the disease and the occurrence of the pathogen. • With greater numbers immunized, it is less likely that an unimmunized person will encounter the pathogen. • Mass vaccination confers indirect protection for those who do not receive the vaccine resulting in “herd immunity”.