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Biology Keystone Exam:
Evolution
Module B Anchor 3
Key Concepts:
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Biological evolution is descent with modification.
All life on Earth shares a common ancestor.
Through the process of descent with modification, the common ancestor of life on Earth gave
rise to the diversity that is documented in the fossil record and around us today.
Mutation, migration, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, and natural selection are the
mechanisms of evolution.
Genetic variation among members of the same species is the key in determining change in a
population.
Different species can affect other species evolution by coevolution.
The founder effect causes a decrease in genetic variation that can lead to a population that is
distinctly different genotypically and phenotypically from the original population.
Reproductive isolating mechanisms prevent members of a species from mating with other
individuals of the same species.
Natural selection impacts allele frequencies of a population.
Vocabulary
Evolution
Natural selection
Darwin
Homologous structures
Analogous structures
Survival of the fittest
Species
Vestigial structures
Fitness
Anatomical evidence
Mutation
Adaptation
Gene pool
Taxonomy
Binomial nomenclature
Microevolution
Macroevolution
Genetic variation
Hardy-Weinberg model
Inbreeding depression
Population bottleneck
Punctuated equilibrium
Gradualism
Coevolution
Descent with modification
Uniformitarianism
Population
Gene pool
Allele frequency
Stabilizing selection
Directional selection
Disruptive selection
Heterozygote advantage
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Nonrandom mating
Founder effect
Sexual selection
Fossils
Biogeography
Convergent evolution
Divergent evolution
Adaptive radiation
Embryology
Speciation
Prezygotic barrier
Postzygotic barrier
Cladogram
Biology Keystone Exam:
Evolution
Module B Anchor 3
Basic Evolutionary System:
1. Explain what the term evolution means. Provide an example.
2. What is natural selection? How does natural selection relate to evolution?
3. Describe the conditions necessary for natural selection to occur?
4. How does natural variation affect evolution? What are the sources of genetic variation within
populations? Explain how each increases genetic variation?
5. How does natural selection account for the great diversity of organisms on the Earth today?
6. An inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its
specific environment is called a(n)
a. variation
b. adaptation
c. mutation
d. fitness level
7. How well an organism survives and reproduces in its environment can be describe as its
a. fitness
b. evolution
c. adaptation
d. reproductive advantage
8. How are fitness and adaptation related?
9. Why is reproduction, as opposed to simply survival, needed for fitness?
10. What is the role of the environment in determining fitness?
11. Why does natural selection work only on heritable characteristics, as opposed to acquired
characteristics?
Biology Keystone Exam:
Evolution
Module B Anchor 3
12. Use the theory of natural selection to explain how two unrelated organisms, such as sharks and
dolphins, come to possess very similar adaptations.
Natural Selection and Genetics:
1. A combined genetic information of all members of a particular population forms a
a. gene pool
b. variation
c. trait
d. mechanism of evolution
2. How is evolution defined, genetically speaking?
3. Explain what the term frequency means; include an example illustrating your answer.
4. The frequency of a particular allele changes from 30% to 10%. Is this population evolving? Why
or why not?
5. Does natural selection work directly or indirectly on the genotype? Explain your answer.
6. Compare and contrast evolution in single-gene vs. polygenic traits.
7. List and describe the three types of selection which occur when polygenic traits are evolving.
8. What is genetic drift? List and describe the two types of genetic drift.
9. Compare and contrast genetic drift and natural selection.
10. What is genetic equilibrium?
11. What are the conditions required in order to maintain genetic equilibrium. Explain each.
Biology Keystone Exam:
Evolution
Module B Anchor 3
12. Which of the following conditions is most likely to result in changes in allele frequencies?
Speciation
1. What constitutes a species?
2. What is necessary for speciation to occur? Why is this necessary?
3. Describe the genetic changes which occur between populations after reproductive isolation has
occurred.
Evidence for Evolution
1. Explain how each of the following provides evidence for evolution.
a. Vestigial structures
b. Homologous structures
c. Analogous structures
d. Biogeography
e. Fossils
f.
Embryology
g. Molecular biology
2. If species A and B have very similar genes and proteins, what can you say about the two species?