Download The Human Immune System and Infectious Disease

Student Name: __________________________ Student Recording Sheet 1 How Viruses Work The Human Immune System and Infectious Disease 1. What is the name for the body’s multiple layers of protection that target dangerous invaders? the immune system 2. List the two levels of defense that humans have against pathogens. What do their names mean? a. non-­‐specific (innate) defenses; non-­‐specific means that the defenses work against any kind of pathogen; innate means something you are born with b. specific immunity; specific means that certain immune cells respond only to certain pathogens 3. What are two types of outer barriers that serve as the first line of defense against pathogens? the skin and mucous membranes 4. How are pathogens able to get past the body’s first line of defense? Through breaks in the skin, or by being breathed in or ingested 5. What is a phagocyte? It is a kind of white blood cell that can surround and take in pathogens it finds in body tissues. 6. What are the two classes of white blood cells that cause the body to develop immunity to certain pathogens, and where do they form? a. T-­‐cells; they are produced in bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland b. B-­‐cells; they are produced in the bone marrow How Vaccines Work © 2014 The College of Physicians of Philadelphia page 1 Student Name: __________________________ Student Recording Sheet 2 How Viruses Work How Vaccines Work Overview 1. How do vaccines work? by mimicking disease agents and stimulating the immune system to build up defenses against them Response to Vaccine 2. A vaccine is described as a pathogen-­‐imposter. Why is this? A vaccine looks like a pathogen to the body, but it is unable to cause disease. 3. What is an antigen? a substance found on the surface of a pathogen or other foreign body; it provokes the immune system 4. Where in the body do immune-­‐system cells cluster? lymph nodes 5. What are the immune system’s antibody factories? plasma B cells 6. What does the analogy “lock and key” describe? the tight fit of a specific antibody to a specific antigen 7. How does the immune system’s response to an infection by a pathogen after vaccination differ from the response to vaccination? The immune response to infection is stronger and faster than it would have been without vaccination. How Vaccines Work © 2014 The College of Physicians of Philadelphia page 2 Response to Pathogen 8. What is the name for the immune system’s response to a vaccine? primary response 9. What is the name for the immune system’s response to an infection by a pathogen against which an individual has been vaccinated? secondary response 10. What is the name for the immune system cells that protect the body from future infections by a specific pathogen? memory cells (or memory B cells, memory T helper cells, memory killer T cells) 11. Describe the role of each element in the immune response listed below. Use your own words to be sure that you truly understand what each element does. a. Vaccine antigen the part of a vaccine that triggers an immune response b. Antigen-­‐presenting cell a cell that finds antigens, digests them, and displays a piece of an antigen it digests on the surface of its cell membrane; aka APC c. Antibodies Y-­‐shaped proteins that attach to foreign antigens to inactivate them or trigger other immune cells to engulf or destroy them d. Naïve killer T cell a T cell that has not yet been activated; it must be activated by an APC before it can find and destroy infected cells How Vaccines Work © 2014 The College of Physicians of Philadelphia page 3 e. f. Active killer T cell a cell that finds and destroys infected cells Memory killer T cell a cell that continues to circulate in the body and search for infected cells that display a pathogen’s antigen that resembles the vaccine’s antigen g. Naïve B cell an immature B cell; a B cell that matures into a cell that produces antibodies after it encounters an antigen h. Plasma B cell a cell that produces and releases antibodies specific to a particular antigen i. Memory B cell a cell that detects invaders that contain or display the antigen used in a vaccine and begins the production of antibodies j. Memory T helper cell a cell that continues to circulate in the body and search for APCs that present an antigen that resembles the vaccine antigen k. T helper cell a cell that releases signals to the immune system and makes the response to an antigen stronger How Vaccines Work © 2014 The College of Physicians of Philadelphia page 4