Download UNIT-1 Carbohydrates

UNIT‐1 Carbohydrates
• All of these molecules exist as small,
single units generally called
monomers, which can then be
combined to form larger units called
polymers
Molecules often have functional groups.
Functional groups give different
characteristics to molecules.
R - NH2 – amino group
R - OH – hydroxyl group
R – COOH – carboxyl or carboxylic acid
group
R = the rest of the molecule
?
As we look at
molecules, which
molecules have these
functional groups?
R - NH2 – amino group
R - OH – hydroxyl group
R – COOH – carboxyl or carboxylic acid group
R = the rest of the molecule
How do monomers become polymers?
Amino acid
(monomer)
Amino acid
(monomer)
Polypeptide or protein
polymer
How do monomers become polymers?
Dehydration synthesis – Removal of a water
molecule between two reacting molecules forming a
new covalent bond in the process
How do polymers become monomers?
Hydrolysis – Addition of a water molecule to a polymer to break a bond within a
polymer to form the monomers
Molecule
Monomer
Polymer
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
Polysaccharide or Carbohydrate
Protein
Amino Acid
Polypeptide or Protein
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
Nucleic Acid
CARBOHYDRATES
Function:
quick energy
structural support
Characteristics:
H – C – OH
ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 2:1
Monomer is the monosaccharide
What do these three carbohydrates have in
common? What is different between them?
Starch is a polymer of glucose used for
storage. It is found in plants.
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose - used
for storage. It is found in plants. We
cannot digest cellulose!
Citric acid cycle
Energetics
• Energy is conserved in the reduced
coenzymes NADH, FADH2 and one GTP
• NADH, FADH2 can be oxidized to
produce ATP by oxidative
phosphorylation
acetyl CoA
2 ADP +1.5
2 Pi
1.5
TCA
ETS
1.5
2 ATP
3 NAD+
FADH2
FAD
7.59 ATP
ETS
3 NADH
9 Pi
7.59 ADP +7.5
ATP generated by the cycle
3 NAD+
3 NADH ETS 3*2.5=7.5 ATP
FAD
FADH2
ETS 1.5 ATP Substrate level phosphorylation
1 GTP
10 ATP Equivalents Total
Regulation of the TCA Cycle
• Citrate synthase ‐ regulated by availability of substrates ‐ acetyl‐CoA and oxaloacetate, citrate is a competitive inhibitor; Allosteric: ‐ NADH , ATP,succinyl‐CoA
• Isocitrate dehydrogenase – NADH,ATP inhibit, ADP and NAD+ Ca++ activate • α ‐Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase ‐ NADH and succinyl‐CoA inhibit, AMP Ca++activate Glycolysis