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Pearson Edexcel AS and A Level in History SCHEME OF WORK Route A: Conquest, control and resistance in the medieval world Introduction Introduction This document provides a sample outline scheme of work for Route A: Conquest, control and resistance in the medieval world that should be adapted by centres to fit their timetabling and staffing arrangements. It is meant as an example approach only and is not intended to be prescriptive. For the purposes of this scheme of work, it has been assumed that the centre is teaching Paper 1 at the start of the course and then Paper 2. The scheme assumes 32 teaching weeks in each year to allow for time taken by other events. As Paper 3 is worth 30% of the A level (60% of AS) it has been allocated proportionally more of the teaching time, running from week 1 to halfway through week 19. Paper 2 – 20% of A level (40% of AS) – runs from week 19 to week 32. The separate Course planner document provides a range of examples of delivery options that can be used for planning alongside this document. Paper 1 The crusades, c1095–1204 Two possible approaches to delivering Paper 1 are given below. The first approach is thematic (page 3) and follows the order in which the content is set out in the specification. The second approach (page 8) has the content arranged mainly chronologically, with time at the end to revisit and consolidate the themes. Paper 2 The schemes of work for the two Paper 2 options in this route then follow, so that centres can select the one they have chosen. 2A.1: Anglo-Saxon England and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, c1053–1106: page 12 2A.2: England and the Angevin Empire in the reign of Henry II, 1154–89: page 17 Suggested resources The resources column suggests existing resources for these topics. A fuller list of resources is provided in the separate Route A topic booklet. As new resources for this specification are published, this scheme of work will be updated. 2 © Pearson Education Ltd 2014 Paper 1: The crusades, c1095–1204: Thematic approach Paper 1: The crusades, c1095–1204: Thematic approach Week Scheme Content Suggested resources 1 Introductions Introduction to the course. Route overview and Paper 1 overview from Route A topic booklet. Introduction to Paper 1 and Paper 2: reasons for studying those two topics. 2 Background/context to thematic link and background to the crusades c1095–1204. Eg Jamie Byrom and Michael Riley, The Crusades (Hodder, 2013). Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of the period. Paper 1 Religious motives including: Theme 1: Reasons for the crusades, 1095– 1192 ● the concept of ‘just war’ ● the impact of the papal reform movement on ideas of penance and remission of sins ● guarantees of plenary indulgence Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford University Press, 2001). Chapter 2 provide an in-depth examination of the motivations for the crusades. ● the aim of freeing Jerusalem ● the influence of preachers, including Bernard of Clairvaux. Suggested activity: An assessment of the significance of the role of Urban II in the First Crusade. 3 Theme 1 © Pearson Education Ltd 2014. Political motives including: ● threats to the Byzantine Empire ● Alexius I Comnenus’s appeal to Urban II ● the political ambitions of the papacy ● Urban’s political problems in Germany and France ● violence and growing disorder in Europe 3 Paper 1: The crusades, c1095–1204: Thematic approach 4 Theme 1 ● the Second and Third Crusades and the defence of the crusader states. The knights and the crusade including: 5 Theme 1 ● the nature of knighthood in the late eleventh century and the development of the concept of chivalry ● protecting Christianity and pilgrims ● settlement in the crusader states and the acquisition of wealth. Suggested activity: An examination of the changing motives and the reasons for change. Theme 2: Leadership of the crusades, 1095– 1192 6 Theme 2 The leadership of the First Crusade including: ● the eight princes and their motivations and their changing priorities ● Baldwin’s conquest of Edessa 1097 ● Bohemund’s seizure of Antioch 1098 ● emergence of Godfrey of Bouillon as leader and the capture of Jerusalem 1099. Eg Jamie Byrom and Michael Riley, The Crusades (Hodder, 2013). Provides an accessible examination of the roles of the different leaders in the crusades. The leadership of the Second Crusade including: 7 4 Theme 2 ● rivalry between Louis VIII and Conrad III – personal and political rivalries and tensions ● their relationship with Manual I ● the failure to consult the leaders of the crusader states ● failure of Damascus 1148 and the end of the crusade. The leadership of the Third Crusade including: ● the significance of the death of Frederick Barbarossa ● the rivalries of Richard I and Philip II ● Richard’s decision to attack Sicily and Cyprus © Pearson Education Ltd 2014 Paper 1: The crusades, c1095–1204: Thematic approach 8 Theme 2 ● Philip’s return to France ● Richard’s leadership at Acre and Jaffa ● Reasons for Richard’s decision not to attack Jerusalem. Suggested activity: An assessment of the effectiveness of the leaders of the crusade. 9 Theme 3: The crusader states of Outremer, 1100– 92 Geography and economy including: ● of Edessa, Tripoli, Antioch and the primacy of Jerusalem ● the absence of natural boundaries to the east ● the importance of the seaports for maintaining economic and military links with Europe ● trade between Muslim and Christian cities ● patterns of settlement and migration from Europe. Eg Jonathan Phillips, The Crusades 1095–1197 (Routledge, 2014). Chapters 3–5 examine the crusader state and the military orders that protected it. Defence including: 10 Theme 3 ● Baldwin I’s consolidation of territory 1100–18 ● adoption of local methods of fortification and the building of castles ● the protection of the military orders of the Templars and the Hospitallers, including their control of border castles ● financial support for the states from Byzantium and Europe. Government of the crusader states including: 11 Theme 3 © Pearson Education Ltd 2014. ● the rule of Baldwin I and Baldwin II ● Baldwin III and the conflict with Queen Melisende ● the rule of the ‘leper king’ Baldwin IV ● the importance of growing divisions within the ruling elite and the succession crisis of 1185 ● the significance of Raymond of Tripoli’s truce with Saladin. 5 Paper 1: The crusades, c1095–1204: Thematic approach 12 Theme 3 ● Richard I’s agreement with Saladin 1192. Suggested activity: An examination of the weaknesses of the government of Outremer 1100–92. Theme 4: The changing Muslim response to the crusades, 1095– 1192 13 Theme 4 Muslim political and religious divisions including: ● the split between the Sunni Seljuk Turks and the Shi’ah Fatmids of Egypt ● the significance of Kilij Arslan’s defeats at Nicaea and Dorylaeum 1097 ● the defeat of Kerbogha’s forces at Antioch 1098 ● the fall of Jerusalem 1099. Eg Amin Maalouf, The Crusades through Arab Eyes (Saqi, 1984). Provides an in-depth account of the crusades from the Arab point of view. The growth of Muslim power, 1144–69 including: 14 Theme 4 ● Zingi and the seizure of Edessa 1144 ● Nur ad-Din’s consolidation of power, 1146–54 ● Nur’s growing rift with Saladin. The power of Saladin, 1169–92, including: 15 Theme 4 ● consolidation of Saladin’s power in Egypt and Syria 1169–84 ● the attack on Tiberias, the battle of Hattin ● fall of Jerusalem to Saladin 1187 ● the siege of Acre and the battle of Arsuf 1189–91 ● Saladin’s success in keeping Muslim control of Jerusalem in 1192. Suggested activity: The significance of Saladin as a Muslim leader. 16 6 Historical interpretations: What explains the failure of the Fourth Crusade? Innocent III’s plans for the crusade and the significance of their failure. The significance of the size and leadership of the crusading forces. Eg Jamie Byrom and Michael Riley, The Crusades (Hodder, 2013). Chapter 8 provides an accessible examination of the failure of the Fourth Crusade and the © Pearson Education Ltd 2014 Paper 1: The crusades, c1095–1204: Thematic approach 17 Historical interpretations The impact of the role of the Venice and of the priorities of the Doge Enrico Dandolo. Suggested activity: Interpretations exercise on the role of the Doge in the failure of the Fourth Crusade. 18 Historical interpretations The significance of the failure of Prince Alexius and of the sack of Constantinople. 19 [half] Historical interpretations Historical interpretation summary: Explanations for the failure of the Fourth Crusade. responsibility for failure. For other suitable books and articles, see the list in the separate Route A Topic booklet. Suggested activity: Interpretations of the failure of the Fourth Crusade. © Pearson Education Ltd 2014. 7 Paper 1: The crusades, c1095–1204: Chronological approach Paper 1: The crusades, c1095–1204: Chronological approach In this scheme of work, the content has been arranged mainly in chronological order, with time left at the end to revisit each of the themes. Numbers in brackets indicate which of the four themes the point relates to. Theme 1: Reasons for the crusades, 1095–1192 Theme 2: Leadership of the crusades, 1095–1192 Theme 3: The crusader states of Outremer, 1100–92 Theme 4: The changing Muslim response to the crusades, 1095–1192 Week 1 Introductions Content Suggested resources Introduction to the course. Route overview and Paper 1 overview from Route A topic booklet. Introduction to Paper 1 and Paper 2: reason for studying those two topics. Background/context to thematic link and background to Paper 1 topic. 2 3 The First Crusade, 1095– 99 ● Pope Urban II’s speech at Clermont 1095 (1) ● the nature and purpose of the First Crusade (1) ● the motives of the papacy and the crusaders (1). ● the eight princes and their changing priorities (2) ● Baldwin’s conquest of Edessa 1097 (2) ● Bohemund’s seizure of Antioch 1098 (2) ● Emergence of Geoffrey of Bouillon as leader and the capture of Jerusalem 1099 (2) Eg Jamie Byrom and Michael Riley, The Crusades (Hodder, 2013). Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of the period. Eg Toby Purser, The Crusades and the Crusader States 1073–1192 (Heinemann, 2010). Chapters 2 and 3 cover the reasons for the First Crusade and the motivations of the crusaders. Eg Jamie Byrom and Michael Riley, The Crusades (Hodder, 2013). Chapter 3 provides an accessible account of the key events and the individuals involved. Suggested activity: An assessment of the significance of the role of Urban II in the First Crusade. 8 © Pearson Education Ltd 2014 Paper 1: The crusades, c1095–1204: Chronological approach 4 5 The establishment and defence of Outremer, 1100–44 6 ● Edessa, Tripoli, Antioch and Jerusalem (3) ● the absence of natural boundaries to the east (3) ● Baldwin I’s consolidation of territory, 1100–18 ● the government of Outremer (3) ● the rule of Baldwin I and Baldwin II (3) ● the establishment and role of the military orders of the Hospitallers and the Templars (3) ● castle building (3). Eg Toby Purser, The Crusades and the Crusader States 1073–1192 (Heinemann, 2010). Chapters 5 and 6 cover the government of the crusader kingdom and its development into a military state. Suggested activity: How secure was the crusader kingdom in 1130? 7 The Second Crusade, 1144– 48 8 © Pearson Education Ltd 2014. ● Zingi and the seizure of Edessa 1144 (4) ● the call for a Second Crusade: the role of Bernard of Clairvaux (1) ● the rivalry of Louis VII and Conrad III; their relationship with Manuel I (2) Eg www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/bernardapol.asp ● the failure to consult the leaders of the crusader states (2) A copy of Bernard of Clairvaux’s Apologia for the Second Crusade. ● the defeats at Dorylaeum and Mount Cadmus (4) ● failure at Damascus 1148 and the end of the crusade (2) ● the reasons for the failure of the Second Crusade (2) http://economicphilosophistory.wordpress.com/2 013/01/20/how-important-was-leadership-inthe-failure-of-the-second-crusade-1145-1148/ ● conflict and division in the crusader states, including the succession crisis 1185 (3) A brief summary of the role of leadership in the failure of the Second Crusade. 9 Paper 1: The crusades, c1095–1204: Chronological approach 9 The Third Crusade, 1187– 92 10 11 ● Raymond of Tripoli’s truce with Saladin (3) ● the rise of Saladin, his victory at Hattin and capture of Jerusalem (4) ● the reasons for the Third Crusade (1, 3) ● the impact of the crusading leaders: Frederick Barbarossa, Richard I and Philip II (2) ● the capture of Cyprus and Acre (2) ● Philip’s departure from the crusade (2) ● the battle of Arsuf (4) ● Richard’s decision not to attack Jerusalem (2) ● significance of the truce with Saladin (4). Suggested activity: The extent to which the Third Crusade could be considered a success. Eg Amin Maalouf, The Crusades through Arab Eyes (Saqi, 1984). Chapters 10 and 11 provide an account of the Third Crusade and the rivalry of Saladin and Richard from the Arab point of view. Eg BBC documentary, Richard the Lionheart and Saladin – Holy Warriors. There is a range of useful questions on the Third Crusade in Jamie Byrom and Michael Riley, The Crusades (Hodder, 2013), chapter 7. 12 Theme 1: Reasons for the crusades 1095– 1192 Draw out issues relating to the causes of the crusades with an understanding of the different motivations of peasants, knights, families, rulers and the papacy. Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, (Oxford University Press, 2001). Chapter 2 provide an in-depth examination of the motivations for the crusades. 13 Theme 2: Leadership of the crusades, 1095–1192 Draw out issues relating to the roles of the different leaders of the crusades including the princes, the kings of Jerusalem and the rivalries between Louis VIII and Conrad III and Richard I and Philip II. Eg Jamie Byrom and Michael Riley, The Crusades (Hodder, 2013). Provides an accessible examination of the roles of the different leaders in the crusades. 14 Theme 3: The crusader states of Outremer, 1100–92 Draw out issues relating to the establishment and consolidation of the four states that made up Outremer and the emergence and roles of the military orders. Eg Jonathan Phillips, The Crusades 1095–1197, (Routledge, 2014). Chapters 3–5 examine the crusader state and the military orders that protected it. 15 Theme 4: The changing Muslim response to the crusades 1095– 1192 Draw out issues relating to the growth of Muslim power, rivalry between Muslim leaders and the role and importance of Saladin. Eg Amin Maalouf, The Crusades through Arab Eyes (Saqi, 1984). Provides an in-depth account of the crusades from the Arab point of view. 10 Suggested activity: The significance of Saladin as a Muslim leader. © Pearson Education Ltd 2014 Paper 1: The crusades, c1095–1204: Chronological approach 16 17 Historical interpretations: What explains the failure of the Fourth Crusade? Innocent’s plans for the crusade and the significance of their failure. Historical interpretations The impact of the role of the Venice and of the priorities of the Doge Enrico Dandolo. The significance of the size and leadership of the crusading forces. Eg Jamie Byrom and Michael Riley, The Crusades (Hodder, 2013). Chapter 8 provides an accessible examination of the failure of the Fourth Crusade and the responsibility for failure. For other suitable books and articles, see the list in the separate Route A Topic booklet. Suggested activity: Interpretations analysis on the role of the Doge in the failure of the Fourth Crusade. 18 Historical interpretations The significance of the failure of Prince Alexius and of the sack of Constantinople 1204. 19 Historical interpretations Historical interpretations summary: Explanations of the failure of the Fourth Crusade. Suggested activity: Interpretations of the failure of the Fourth Crusade. © Pearson Education Ltd 2014. 11 Paper 2: 2A.1: Anglo-Saxon England and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, c1053–1106 Paper 2: 2A.1: Anglo-Saxon England and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, c1053–1106 In this scheme of work, the content has been arranged mainly in chronological order and follows the topic order outlined in the specification. Week Topic Content Suggested resources 20 Introduction Introduction to topic and background context: Route A topic booklet. 21 Topic 1: Late Anglo-Saxon England, c1053–66 ● the establishment and nature of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom ● Viking challenges and the impact on the Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Monarchy and government: ● the power of the English monarchy ● the earldoms and shires ● local government ● the legal system. Eg Channel 4, Monarchy, Series 1. Episodes 1 and 2 have an overview of England in the Anglo-Saxon era. Eg Toby Purser, Medieval England 1042–1228 (Heinemann, 2004). Provides an accessible introduction to the nature of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom. The economy: 22 Topic 1 ● the system of taxation ● royal mints and the silver penny ● coastal towns and overseas trade ● urbanisation and the growth of trading centres. The house of Godwin ● Harold Godwinson’s succession as Earl of Wessex ● the power of the Godwin siblings ● the campaign against the Welsh ● Harold Godwinson’s embassy to Normandy Eg Marc Morris, The Normans (Windmill Books, 2013). Provides an excellent assessment of the role of Harold Godwinson as Edward the Confessor’s leading earl. Suggested activity: Source exercise comparing Norman and AngloSaxon accounts of Harold’s trip to Normandy. 12 © Pearson Education Ltd 2014 Paper 2: 2A.1: Anglo-Saxon England and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, c1053–1106 23 Topic 1 ● the rising against Tostig’s and his exile. Early threats to Harold’s throne: ● Edward’s death and the claimants to the throne ● the witan and the coronation ● Harold Hardrada’s invasion ● reasons for, and significance of, the outcome of the battles of Gate Fulford and Stamford Bridge 1066. Eg Channel 4, 1066. Episode 1 provides a memorable visual account of the battle of Stamford Bridge. Suggested activity: An assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom and kingship. 24 Topic 2: The Norman conquest of England and extension of control in Wales and Scotland, 1066–93 Reasons for William of Normandy’s decision to invade England in 1066 (from Topic 4): claim to the throne (Topic 4) military experience and power of Normandy (Topics 2 and 4) papal support for William’s claim (Topic 4). Eg Matthew Bennett, Campaigns of the Norman Conquest (Osprey Press, 2001). Has clear diagrams of the battlefield at Hastings and the movement of the troops. William of Normandy’s invasion (Topic 2): reasons for the Norman victory at Hastings, including the leadership skills of Harold and William, Norman and English troops and tactics. Suggested activity: Examination of the reasons for Harold’s defeat at Hastings. 25 Topic 2 © Pearson Education Ltd 2014. Dealing with opposition to the Normans: submission of the earls in 1066 rebellions in the south 1067–69 the Harrying of the North foreign intervention and the East Anglian Rebellion revolt of the Norman earls 1075 Eg Frank Barlow, The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042–1216 (Routledge, 1999). Provides an accessible account of the rebellions in chapter 3. 13 Paper 2: 2A.1: Anglo-Saxon England and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, c1053–1106 26 Topic 2 Wales and Scotland: Eadric the Wild’s rising 1067–69 imposition of Norman control over Wales 1067–93 the Normans and Scotland: Malcolm III and the Northern Rebellion William II and Scotland 1091–93. Eg A L Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216 (Oxford University Press, 1993). Chapter 9 provides a useful account of William II’s relations with Scotland. The founding of a military state: the operation of the feudal system, tenants-in-chief and knights the nature of land tenure the building of castles and their impact on Norman control and royal power. Suggested activity: An examination of the extent of Norman control over England and the Celtic fringe (change and continuity). 27 Topic 3: State, church and society, 1066– 1106 Central and local government: the king’s household and role of the chancery the geld and silver penny the office of sheriff codes of law and the local courts. Eg Toby Purser, Medieval England 1042–1228 (Heinemann, 2004). Provides an accessible introduction to the development of the government in the Anglo-Norman kingdom. The end of the English aristocracy: 14 changes in land tenure and the creation of new earldoms © Pearson Education Ltd 2014 Paper 2: 2A.1: Anglo-Saxon England and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, c1053–1106 28 Topic 3 Norman aristocracy: military and political service the Domesday Survey 1086 and the extent of Norman influence. Changes in towns and villages: Eg Marc Morris, Normans and Slavery: Breaking the Bonds, History Today, Volume: 63, Issue: 3, 2013. towns and trading patterns village life, royal forests and the forest laws gradual disappearance of slavery. Suggested activity: An examination of the extent to which AngloSaxon England was transformed into a Norman state. 29 Topic 3 The English church: the deposition of Stigand in 1070 Lanfranc’s reforms Anselm’s conflict with William II Henry I, Anselm and the investiture controversy 1100–1106 the Norman kings and the papacy. Eg Frank Barlow, The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042–1216 (Routledge, 1999). Provides a good summary of the developments within the church in chapters 4 and 5. Suggested activity: Source activity exploring Anselm’s conflict with William Rufus. 30 Topic 4: Normandy 1066–1106 © Pearson Education Ltd 2014. Reasons for William of Normandy’s decision to invade England in 1066: brief recap from earlier study. Problems in Normandy 1066–87: conflict in Maine 1069–73 William’s defeat at the siege of Dol in 1076 Resisting the demands of Robert Curthose 1078–83 the division of the Anglo-Norman territories after William’s death. Eg A L Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216 (Oxford University Press, 1993). Chapter 4 provides a useful account of William Rufus’ and Henry I’s conflict with Robert Curthose and the restoration of the Anglo-Norman kingdom. 15 Paper 2: 2A.1: Anglo-Saxon England and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, c1053–1106 31 32 Topic 4 Topic 4 William Rufus and Robert Curthose: the position of the Anglo-Norman nobles the rebellion of the barons against William Rufus in 1088 William Rufus’ invasion of Normandy in 1091 significance of Robert Curthose’s decision to go on crusade 1095–96 Henry I and the restoration of the Anglo-Norman kingdom 1100– 1106: the defeat of Robert of Bellême misrule in Normandy Henry’s campaign in Normandy victory at Tinchebrai in 1106 the significance of the restoration of the Anglo-Norman kingdom. Suggested activity: Evaluation of the significance of Henry I’s victory at Tinchebrai. 16 © Pearson Education Ltd 2014 Paper 2: 2A.2: England and the Angevin Empire in the reign of Henry II, 1154–89 Paper 2: 2A.2: England and the Angevin Empire in the reign of Henry II, 1154–89 In this scheme of work, the content has been arranged mainly in chronological order and follows the topic order outlined in the specification. Week Topic Content Suggested resources 20 Introduction Introduction to topic and background context. Route A topic booklet. Channel 4, Monarchy, Series 1. Episode 3 has summary of events in England during the anarchy and the accession of Henry II. 21 Topic 1: The restoration and extension of royal authority, 1154–72 Henry and the Angevin Empire in 1154: the weakness of the position of the king including the increase in baronial power during the anarchy and declining royal revenues the extent of Angevin lands overseas the significance of Henry’s marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine and her authority in Aquitaine. Henry II and the nobility: the destruction of illegal castles the weakening of baronial power. Eg John Gillingham, The Angevin Empire (Bloomsbury Academic, 2000). Chapter 2 explores the background to the establishment of the Angevin Empire. Helen Castor, She Wolves: The Women who ruled England Before Elizabeth (Faber & Faber, 2010). Has an excellent account of Henry’s marriage to Eleanor and its significance. Suggested activity: Source activity exploring the problems facing Henry II in 1154. © Pearson Education Ltd 2014. 17 Paper 2: 2A.2: England and the Angevin Empire in the reign of Henry II, 1154–89 22 Topic 1 the Cartae Baronum 1166: financial and military significance the Inquest of Sheriffs 1170: financial and judicial importance. Wales, Scotland and Ireland: making peace in Wales the submission of Malcolm IV in 1157 the submission of the Irish kings and bishops in 1172. Eg A L Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216 (Oxford University Press, 1993). Chapter 9 provides an overview of Henry’s extension of his control into Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Suggested activity: The extent to which Henry II had overcome the problems created by the anarchy by 1170. 23 18 Topic 1 The Angevin lands in France: Henry’s restoration of control in Normandy acquisition and control of Brittany relations and conflict with Louis VII of France the significance of the peace of Montmirail 1169. Eg A L Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216 (Oxford University Press, 1993). Chapter 10 provides an overview of Henry’s extension of his continental lands. © Pearson Education Ltd 2014 Paper 2: 2A.2: England and the Angevin Empire in the reign of Henry II, 1154–89 24 Topic 2: Reforms in England, 1154– 89 Central institutions: the Curia Regis the justiciars and the Chancellor the roles of significant individuals, including Richard of Lucy (chief justiciar), Bishop Nigel (Exchequer) and Thomas Becket (Chancellor). Eg Toby Purser, Medieval England 1042– 1228 (Heinemann, 2004). Provides a concise account of the key reforms and their purpose. Financial reforms: the revival of the Danegeld restoration of royal lands reform of the coinage in 1158 and 1180 the importance of Richard fitzNigel the impact of financial reforms on increasing royal income. Suggested activity: Source activity using primary records from the Exchequer. 25 Topic 2 Legal reforms: the Assizes of Clarendon 1166 and Northampton 1176 the itinerant justices and the general eyre the Court of King’s Bench novel disseisin and mort d’ancestor the extent of changes to the system of royal justice under Henry II and their implications for the power of the monarchy. The changing nature of kingship: © Pearson Education Ltd 2014. growing political and economic power of the king Eg Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Angevin England has a copy of the Assizes of Clarendon: www.fordham.edu/Halsall/sbook.asp Eg John Gillingham, The Angevin Empire (Bloomsbury Academic, 2000). Chapter 6 explores the importance of itinerant kingship. 19 Paper 2: 2A.2: England and the Angevin Empire in the reign of Henry II, 1154–89 26 Topic 2 relations with leading barons the importance of the itinerant kingship on maintaining royal power in England and the Angevin Empire. Suggested activity: The extent to which royal authority was strengthened in the years 1154–80. 27 Topic 3: Henry and the English church, 1154– 74 Henry’s problems with the church: papal influence church courts the church’s attitude towards moral offences clerical interference in secular affairs Henry’s aims for the church and the implications for his relationship with the church. Eg John Guy, Thomas Becket: Warrior, Priest, Rebel, Victim: A 900-Year-Old Story Retold (Penguin 2013). Provides an excellent analysis of the conflict and the role of the two main protagonists. Becket and the king, 1162–64: reasons for Becket’s election as Archbishop of Canterbury 1162 Henry’s demands for reform: the Constitutions of Clarendon 1164. Suggested activity: Source exercise on the demands in the Constitutions of Clarendon. 28 Topic 3 Becket’s attitude towards reform and the implications for his relationship with Henry and the bishops conflict between king and archbishop Becket’s flight into exile 1164. The failure to compromise, 1169–70: 20 the failure to reach a settlement the diplomacy of Pope Alexander III the coronation of the Young King, June 1170 Becket’s return to England, his death and its significance, including its impact on the position of Henry II. © Pearson Education Ltd 2014 Paper 2: 2A.2: England and the Angevin Empire in the reign of Henry II, 1154–89 29 Topic 3 The settlements between king and church, 1172–76: the agreement at Avranches 1172 relations between Henry and the pope Henry’s penance at Canterbury in 1174 the extent of Henry’s success. Eg A L Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216 (Oxford University Press, 1993). Chapter 7 provides an examination of the impact of Becket’s murder on Henry’s relationship with the church. Suggested activity: The impact of Becket’s murder on Henry’s relationship with the church. 30 Topic 4: Crises of the Angevin Empire, 1170– 89 Power and family rivalries: Henry’s plans for his sons’ inheritance the division of Angevin lands between Henry’s sons (recap on the agreement at Montmirail from Topic 1) the position of Eleanor of Aquitaine and its significance in Henry’s control of the empire. Eg John Gillingham, The Angevin Empire, (Bloomsbury Academic, 2000). Chapter 4 provides an accessible account of the challenge to Henry by his sons and the outcome by 1189. Causes of the Great Rebellion of 1173–74: 31 Topic 4 the opposition of the English barons to Henry’s reforms Henry’s failure to grant his sons a role in government and their flight to Paris Eleanor’s opposition to the king: political and personal reasons. The defeat of the Great Rebellion: Henry’s victories in England and the Angevin lands the expulsion of invaders from Normandy the capture of William the Lion at Alnwick 1174 the short-term impact of Henry’s victories on royal power, 1174–80. Suggested activity: An examination of the reasons for Henry’s success in crushing the Great Rebellion 1173–74. © Pearson Education Ltd 2014. 21 Paper 2: 2A.2: England and the Angevin Empire in the reign of Henry II, 1154–89 32 Topic 4 Philip Augustus and the collapse of Henry’s power, 1180–89: the deaths of the Young King and Geoffrey Richard and John’s ambitions and treachery the alliance of Philip and Richard against Henry Henry’s defeat in 1189. Eg Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Angevin England contains an account of Henry II’s death by Benedict of Peterborough: www.fordham.edu/Halsall/sbook.asp Suggested activity: An examination of the changing authority of the king over the Angevin Empire. 22 © Pearson Education Ltd 2014