Download Mary Beth Murphy Ms. Huntemann AP Biology Chapter 31

Mary Beth Murphy
Ms. Huntemann
AP Biology
Chapter 31 Immunology
Key Terms:
Aids- Final stage of HIV when the immune systems falls to the point minor pathogens can be
deadly
Adaptive immunity-The part of the immune system which must be activated, including
antibodies and antigens
Allergic- A reaction when the immune system attacks its self
Antibodies-proteins made by adaptive immune system to kill pathogens
Antigen-presenting cells- antigens bind to activate these to start immune system
Antigenic determinates- sites recognized by the immune system to help make antibodies
Antigens- Used by B and T cells to make antibodies
Autoimmune diseases- makes the immune system attack the organisms own body
Autoimmunity- A failure of the clonal deletion, harmful to organism
Cellular immune response- Made up of cytotoxic T cells
Class I MHC- found on the surface of mammalian cells help Tc cells
Class II MHC- Protein immune system cells, help Th cells
Clonal deletion- Immature B and T cells are killed off because they may attack the organism’s
self
Clonal Selection- Cloning of B and T cells with antigens to make antibodies, and make more B
and T cells
Complement system- A chain reaction of proteins to start the functions of the immune system,
including fighting disease, making inflammation, bringing B, T, and mast cells to the spot
Constant Region-Determines the function and structure of antibodies, mainly the same for all
antibodies.
Cytokines-Proteins that bind to pathogens an alter it/ also turn on and off B, T cells, and
macrophages
Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells-A T cell that kills pathogenic, cancerous, or just dangerous cells
Defensins- bind to pathogen’s cell wall opening it, killing it
Effector cells- attack pathogens
Histamine- increase permeability of white blood cells to act in nearby tissues
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)- Contracted by bodily fluid transmission, kills off Tcells until the immune system is useless, killing the host
Humoral Immune System- Made up of B-cells and Antibodies
Immunity- Ability to be resistant to a pathogen
Immunoglobulins- the classes of antibodies
Immunological memory- The ability of the immune systems to remember a response to a
pathogen and save it.
Inflammation- Stops the spread of pathogens, allows more cells to come help
Innate immunity- 1st stage of defensive barriers always defending, skin, cell walls, and mucus.
Interferons- Increase immunity of nearby cells to infected ones.
Lymphocytes- used in adaptive immunity (Helper T cells)
Lysozyme- Make cells infected with the pathogen burst
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)- Self-identification, help interactions between
lymphocytes and macrophages
Mast Cells- attach to skin/ organs and release chemical signals to bring more immune system
cells
Memory cells- Hold the antibodies for diseases, already faced for a fast reaction to it in the future
Mucus-Slippery substance that traps pathogens
Natural killer cells- Sense infected cells and label it as a target
Pathogens-disease causing bacteria and viruses, and many other things
Phagocytes- ingest foreign cells to kill them
Plasma cells-(B cells) secret antibodies
Primary immune response- the response the 1st time an immune systems reacts to a pathogen
Prostaglandins-Fatty acids that cause inflammation
Regulatory T cells (Tregs)- keep immune system from reacting to much
Secondary immune system response- the 2nd time an immune system reacts to a previous
pathogen (much more effective)
Sepsis- Inflammation across large regions or the whole body could be deadly
T cell receptors- Bind to non-self-proteins shown by MHC cells
T-Helper cells (Th) cells- Antigen is received and cell is activated to attack a pathogen
Tumor Necrosis Factor- Kills target cells/ activates immune system cells
Vaccines- giving a weakened version of a pathogen to build antibodies to it (2nd immune
response)
Variable region- The part of each antibody that makes it specific to one pathogen
White blood cell- Attack pathogens
Questions:
1. A person can survive an infection and be resistant to further infection because of the
adaptive immune system, which can recognize and remember specific antigens and allow
for immunity.
2. Self means the parts of the body that belong, and nonself refers to things that do not
belong in the body, like antigens.
3. Antibacterial soap sometimes leaves people more open to pathogens because it kills the
bacteria before it can invade your body. Therefore, the body does not come into contact
with those bacteria, and when it is eventually invaded with those bacteria the immune
system is weaker than it should be and does not know how to react to those bacteria.
4. This is a picture of the adaptive immune system. The innate immune system must have
failed to stop the yeast cell so the adaptive immune system had to step in.
5. Lysozymes and defencins detect and destroy nonself cells and hijacked cells.
6. Natural killer cells are made to kill any nonself cells but are at risk of destroying selfcells
as a result.
7. After you accidentally stab yourself, the blood will begin to clot and cells will begin to
look for nonself cells. Mast cells will alter other cells if nonself cells are found. B and T
cells will come to fight the infection.
8. This statement means the first step in responding to an antigen and strengthening your
immune system is to come into contact with the antigen so the body can begin to
recognize what it needs to produce to fend off and kill the antigen.
9. Immunology is an effective evolutionary trait s it allows people to be less powerless to
diseases and live longer, thus more people can reproduce and evolve. Immunology can be
passed from generation to generation if the immunity is found in genes and is passed on
to the following generations.
10.
Antibodies are created when antigens are detected and
various recognize them and trigger B lymphocytes to create the antibodies. Once the
antigen is no longer a problem, the antibodies remain in the person in case the antigen
returns.
11. Cells that produce useful antibodies are maintained just like features that are useful to
organisms that help them to survive more effectively are maintained.
12. Immunosuppressed individuals are not able to recognize harmful antigens and destroy
them, such as cancer cells.
13. Memory B cells remember the pathogen that they were infected with and are able to
combat them when they recognize them and remain immune.
14. When you get a vaccine a killed or weakened virus that the adaptive immune system can
react to and create proper antibodies to destroy. If you even come in contact with the
same virus in the future, you will already have the correct antibodies to destroy it.
15. One can still get the flu if vaccinated because it is possible the antibodies were not
created correctly or don’t match the specific virus.
16. The cell‐mediated response involves mostly T cells and responds to any cell that displays
aberrant MHC markers while non-specific one is born with and fights against all
antigens.
17. More and more doctors are not using antibiotics like they used to because they realized
overusing antibiotics can weaken one’s immune system and can cause increase in
antibiotic resistance.
18. Autoimmune diseases occurs when the immune system fights against tissue that is
supposed to be in one’s body. It happens when the immune system reacts incorrectly to
its own body.
Mini Research Project
1. ** could not get the game to work on my computer
2. The HIV attacks the T cells, and even though the T cells produce billions of copies a day
to combat the virus, the virus also makes a billion copies. This continues on until the
immune system tires out and the virus takes over.
3. Helth officials are more afraid of swime fu that HIV because it is newer and more easily
transferred.
4. It is difficult to develop a vaccine for HIV because HIV attacks the T cells that combat
viruses.
5. I think finding a vaccine is possible if a way to isolate T cells and HIV is able to be done
effectively.
6. AIDS is an evolved virus because it attacks the cells that attack viruses. This makes T
cells the fighter and the victim, making it work extra hard and making the virus easier to
take over.
Rheumatoid arthritis is inflammation at the joint and possibly other organs. Symptoms
include joint stiffness, pain, and fatigue. Joints can also lose their range of motion or
become deformed. Treatments include medication, physical therapy, exercise, and
possible surgery. Possible causes to rheumatoid arthritis is infection, genes, and hormone
changes.