* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Immune_System_Vocabulary
Survey
Document related concepts
Hygiene hypothesis wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Lymphopoiesis wikipedia , lookup
Immune system wikipedia , lookup
Psychoneuroimmunology wikipedia , lookup
Monoclonal antibody wikipedia , lookup
Molecular mimicry wikipedia , lookup
Adaptive immune system wikipedia , lookup
Adoptive cell transfer wikipedia , lookup
Cancer immunotherapy wikipedia , lookup
Immunosuppressive drug wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Immune System Vocabulary Pathogen – “germ”; anything that makes one sick, other than a genetic cause Immune system – in a vertebrate, the defense against pathogens Leukocytes – white blood cells Innate immunity – all animals have this defense against pathogens; includes barriers and inflammation Adaptive immunity – defense against pathogens which only vertebrastes have. Includes ability to make antibodies, and recognize antigens for precise killing of infected cells. Inflammatory response – second line of defense, in which mast cells produce histamines to open capillaries allowing WBC’s to pass into an affected area and engulf pathogens. Mast cells – as part of the inflammatory response, these cells produce histamines to allow WBCs to enter infected areas Histamines – chemicals that trigger the dilation of capillaries to allow WBCs to enter an infected area Phagocytes – a class of WBCs that engulf pathogens they recognize as being non-self Neutrophils –WBCs that make up the highest % of immune system cells in our bodies; these have a short life span; they patrol the blood stream and lymph to rapidly engulf anything they determine to be nonself Natural killer cells – WBCs that spray areas of infected cells, indiscriminately killing both infected and healthy cells. Macrophages – “big eaters”; these WBCs engulf large invaders, and display their antigen bits on their cell surface. Dendritic cells – WBCs that engulf cells and display their antigen bits on their cell surface. Antigen – anything that elicits a response from the immune system. Generally, this is part of a pathogen. Major Histocompatability Complex (I & II)– the combination of a cell’s own protein marker (I), with an antigen that is displayed on the cell surface (II). Antigen presenting cell – any cell that has engulfed a pathogen and is displaying part of the pathogen on its cell surface, in an effort to trigger the adaptive immune response Interleukin / cytokines – chemical substances released by cells of the immune system to alert other cells of a need to respond. The response can be any range of things, such as raising body temperature setpoint, to stimulating production of T and B cells. Lymphocytes – T and B cells Cell mediated response – part of the adaptive immune response, in which T cells elicit B cells to produce antibodies, and also go themselves to destroy pathogens Humoral response – part of the adaptive immune response, in which B cells produce antibodies to incapacitate pathogens. T cytotoxic cells – cells that recognize specific antigens and kill cells infected by them T helper cells – cells that, once triggered by an antigen-presenting cell, induce production of cytotoxic T cells and find B cells specific to that antigen to start producing antibodies B Plasma cells – produce antibodies B memory cells – lymphocytes that display antibodies on their surfaces to be activated by helper T cells Antibodies – molecules specific to specific antigens; these molecules bind to the antigens to incapacitate them in one of various ways Epitope – the part of an antigen that binds to an antibody Virus – a non-living entity, made up of a protein coat, and containing RNA or DNA; these hijack a cell’s protein synsthesis mechanism to begin producing copies of themselves. HIV – the virus that causes AIDS Primary immune response – the first time the body is exposed to a pathogen; it may take weeks for a full attack to mount with many cytotoxic T cells and plasma B cells working together to fight the invader Secondary immune response – a quick reaction to an infection, due to a previous infection by the same pathogen. Memory T and B cells are rapidly engaged to deploy antibodies and killer T cells to attack invader. Vaccine – a preventative measure against viruses; generally these are weaker forms of actual pathogens, against which the body learns to produce antibodies, so that in the case of a real infection, a secondary immune response will be engaged Active immunity – the body produces its own antibodies against a certain pathogen Passive immunity – the body receives antibodies from another source, such as mother’s milk